{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T17:57:13Z","timestamp":1781287033200,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oxidative stress both contributes to and results from sepsis pathophysiology, but its role in ill foals remains poorly characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ill foals will exhibit decreased antioxidant defense activity and increased oxidative products compared with healthy foals, and these changes will be associated with higher sepsis scores, lower survival scores, and non-survival.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-six foals &amp;lt;\u200914\u00a0days old: 16 hospitalized foals (11 sick non-septic, 5 septic; median age, 1.5\u00a0days; range 1-13) and 10 healthy Standardbred foals (2\u00a0days old). Nine of 16 ill foals survived to discharge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective multicenter cohort study. Ill foals were sampled at admission and every 24\u00a0h; healthy foals were sampled once at 48\u00a0h. Plasma paraoxonase (POase), arylesterase (AREase), superoxide dismutase (SOD), butyrylcholinesterase (BTChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were measured. Associations with sepsis score, survival score, and outcome were evaluated using generalized linear mixed models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At admission, ill foals had lower SOD, GPx, BTChE, and GST and higher LPO compared with healthy foals (P\u00a0\u2264\u00a0.01). Non-survivors had lower POase (P\u00a0=\u00a0.01), SOD (P\u00a0=\u00a0.04), BTChE (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.001), GST (P\u00a0=\u00a0.04), and GPx (P\u00a0=\u00a0.01) and higher LPO (P\u00a0=\u00a0.01). In mixed models, SOD, BTChE, and TAC were associated with both sepsis and survival score (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.001). Arylesterase and POase were associated with sepsis score (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ill neonatal foals had decreased antioxidant activity and increased oxidative products. Some biomarkers were associated with clinical scores and outcome, supporting further investigation of their potential clinical relevance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T17:11:26Z","timestamp":1781284286000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of oxidative stress in ill neonatal foals: a preliminary study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Bindi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa , San Piero a Grado, Pisa 56122 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dania","family":"Cingottini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa , San Piero a Grado, Pisa 56122 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"de Marchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa , San Piero a Grado, Pisa 56122 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Sala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa , San Piero a Grado, Pisa 56122 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico Veterinario, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities , Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia 46115 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micaela","family":"Sgorbini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa , San Piero a Grado, Pisa 56122 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061213112413800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13796","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis\u2014pathology and clinical signs","volume":"35","author":"Eaton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Equine Vet Educ"},{"key":"2026061213112413800_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9390140","article-title":"Sepsis and oxidative stress in the newborn: from pathogenesis to novel therapeutic targets","volume":"2018","author":"Poggi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2026061213112413800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1348713","article-title":"Exploring the role of antioxidants in sepsis-associated oxidative stress: a comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Sahoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026061213112413800_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0027","article-title":"Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in sepsis and acute inflammation","volume":"35","author":"Joffre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"2026061213112413800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2010.03.008","article-title":"Early identification of the risk for free radical-related diseases in preterm newborns","volume":"86","author":"Perrone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"2026061213112413800_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198717478.001.0001","volume-title":"Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine","author":"Halliwell","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026061213112413800_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-74","article-title":"Serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) measurement: an update","volume":"10","author":"Ceron","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026061213112413800_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2024.105352","article-title":"PON1 enzyme activity assays for serum and heparinized plasma in horses and stability evaluation of the enzyme activity over different freeze-thaw cycles and mimic transportation","volume":"177","author":"Vernaccini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026061213112413800_ref9","first-page":"309","article-title":"Oxidative stress tests: overview on reliability and use. 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