{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T17:46:58Z","timestamp":1782582418478,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":57,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Illinois Companion Animal Research Grant Program"},{"name":"Wayne and the Josephine Spangler Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bone marrow (BM) evaluation is essential for diagnosing hematologic abnormalities in dogs. Standard practice often involves single-site sampling, despite some evidence suggesting that focal BM lesions may occur. We assessed the probability of obtaining an unrepresentative cytologic interpretation when BM cytology interpretation depends on a single site vs multiple sites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Single-site BM sampling increases the probability of unrepresentative cytologic interpretation in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixteen client-owned dogs with hematologic disease requiring BM sampling were prospectively enrolled.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomized, masked clinical trial. We collected 4 BM aspirates per dog: right and left proximal humeri and iliac crests. Interpretative concordance was assessed by comparing individual site interpretations with a composite multisite interpretation. The primary outcome was the probability of a truth-consistent interpretation based on the number of sites sampled (k\u00a0=\u00a01-4) under 3 evaluation rules, accounting for inter-clinical pathologist agreement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Single-site sampling yielded a truth-consistent interpretation in only 50.0%-81.7% of cases, depending on diagnostic stringency. Evaluating 2 sites significantly improved the probability of a truth-consistent interpretation by 17.2%-23.3% (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.002). Additional sites (2 or 4) offered only marginal further benefit. Inter-clinical pathologist agreement was moderate (kappa\u00a0=\u00a00.574). No single anatomical site provided superior diagnostic yield for overall interpretation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A single BM sampling site carries a higher probability of unrepresentative cytologic interpretation in dogs. Two-site sampling significantly improves recovery of a truth-consistent interpretation, providing a more reliable assessment for hematologic disease in dogs. This approach accounts for potential focal disease distribution, improving diagnostic confidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T17:26:33Z","timestamp":1782581193000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multisite sampling improves consensus cytologic interpretation in bone marrow evaluation of dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Kristi M","family":"Smiley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61802 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael F","family":"Rosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61802 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy N","family":"Schnelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61802 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara L","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61802 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Raskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Lopez-Villalobos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University , Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442 ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnon","family":"Gal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61802 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.10.001","article-title":"Bone marrow cytologic and histologic biopsies: indications, technique, and evaluation","volume":"42","author":"Raskin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-553X.2008.01100.x","article-title":"ICSH guidelines for the standardization of bone marrow specimens and reports","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Lab Hematol"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12036","article-title":"Comparison of sternal, iliac, and humeral bone marrow aspiration in beagle dogs","volume":"42","author":"Defarges","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2012.00331.x","article-title":"Evaluation of bone marrow aspirates from multiple sites for staging of canine lymphoma and mast cell tumours","volume":"12","author":"Aubry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10364","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of bilateral bone marrow examination: significance of morphologic and ancillary technique study in malignancy","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588802500112","article-title":"Histopathology of canine bone marrow in malignant lymphoproliferative disorders","volume":"25","author":"Raskin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985818780469","article-title":"The site of bone marrow acquisition affects the myeloid to erythroid ratio in apparently healthy dogs","volume":"55","author":"Gal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387251387786","article-title":"Comparison of the bone marrow composition in samples from rib, ilium, sternum, and humerus of dogs","volume":"38","author":"Diamantino","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813510413","article-title":"A review of histiocytic diseases of dogs and cats","volume":"51","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.39-1-74","article-title":"Localized and disseminated histiocytic sarcoma of dendritic cell origin in dogs","volume":"39","author":"Affolter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03628-x","article-title":"Osteomyelitis caused by Aspergillus terreus complex in a dog: a case report","volume":"19","author":"Abreu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2011.633106","article-title":"Fungal myelitis caused by Phialosimplex caninus in an immunosuppressed dog","volume":"50","author":"Armstrong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001329","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreccr-2020-001329","article-title":"Fungal osteomyelitis caused by Candida glabrata in a Groenendael dog","volume":"8","author":"Levy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Rec Case Rep"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12151","article-title":"Applicability of 3T body MRI in assessment of nonfocal bone marrow involvement of hematopoietic neoplasia in dogs","volume":"27","author":"Feeney","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref15","first-page":"178","article-title":"5-Fluorouracil toxicity with severe bone marrow suppression in a dog","volume":"46","author":"Fry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2011-200047","article-title":"A prospective randomised study of a rotary powered device (OnControl) for bone marrow aspiration and biopsy","volume":"64","author":"Swords","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-6-23","article-title":"Using a powered bone marrow biopsy system results in shorter procedures, causes less residual pain to adult patients, and yields larger specimens","volume":"6","author":"Berenson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.4081\/hr.2011.e8","article-title":"Powered bone marrow biopsy procedures produce larger core specimens, with less pain, in less time than with standard manual devices","volume":"3","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hematol Rep"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.4081\/hr.2011.e21","article-title":"The OnControl bone marrow biopsy technique is superior to the standard manual technique for hematologists-in-training: a prospective, randomized comparison","volume":"3","author":"Reed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hematol Rep"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2018.06.007","article-title":"Bone marrow biopsy operator experience and impact on aspirate, biopsy, and ancillary testing quality","volume":"2","author":"Marinelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqy126","article-title":"Bone marrow biopsy needle type affects core biopsy specimen length and quality and aspirate hemodilution","volume":"151","author":"Brestoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026062713262834700_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0343251","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0343251","article-title":"Multi-site bone marrow core biopsy improves diagnostic accuracy in dogs with hematologic disease","volume":"21","author":"Smiley","year":"2026","journal-title":"PloS One"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/3\/aalag121\/68633272\/aalag121.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/3\/aalag121\/68633272\/aalag121.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T17:26:34Z","timestamp":1782581194000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag121\/8719599"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag121","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"article-number":"aalag121"}}