{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T18:53:18Z","timestamp":1782327198400,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cornell Resident Research Grants Program","award":["4808971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4808971"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The glycolytic enzyme neuron-specific enolase (NSE) shows high expression in neurons, generating interest as a diagnostic biomarker for neurologic diseases. However, assays measuring NSE protein concentration (NSE-p) have yielded inconsistent diagnostic results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was an observational study to investigate NSE enzymatic activity (NSE-a) as a biomarker in dogs to distinguish neurologic vs musculoskeletal causes of gait abnormalities. We hypothesized that NSE-a would be superior to NSE-p for detecting neurologic conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Client-owned dogs presenting with gait abnormalities were enrolled as: (1) neurology service (n\u00a0=\u00a010), (2) orthopedic surgery and sports medicine and rehabilitation (SMR) (n\u00a0=\u00a021), and (3) control dermatology patients without gait abnormalities (n\u00a0=\u00a03). Inclusion required clinical examination by diplomates or residents of the relevant service and confirmed diagnoses based on radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum NSE-p was measured using validated commercial ELISA kits for use in dogs. Plasma NSE-a was quantified using an NSE functional activity assay (NSE-FA, TETmedical). A secondary experiment compared the techniques using plasma samples from dogs with neurological gait abnormalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neurologic dogs showed significantly increased plasma NSE-a (median, 0.372; IQR, 0.274-0.407) compared with orthopedic and SMR dogs (median, 0.212; IQR, 0.154-0.259; P\u00a0=\u00a0.001) and controls (median, 0.218; IQR, 0.15-0.226; P\u00a0=\u00a0.03). Direct comparison indicated that NSE-p fell below detection thresholds whereas NSE-a remained measurable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that NSE-a is superior to NSE-p for differentiating neurologic from musculoskeletal gait abnormalities. Future research should explore its potential as a point-of-care biomarker for patients with suspected neurologic conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T18:31:21Z","timestamp":1782325881000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neuron-specific enolase enzymatic activity as a biomarker to discriminate neurologic and orthopedic gait abnormalities in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Amy","family":"Huynh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9857-2119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J","family":"Byron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margret I","family":"Lenfest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6703-7965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Furkat","family":"Mukhtarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TETmedical, Inc ., 22 Thornwood Drive, Ithaca, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubina","family":"Yasmin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TETmedical, Inc ., 22 Thornwood Drive, Ithaca, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6208-9270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roy","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TETmedical, Inc ., 22 Thornwood Drive, Ithaca, NY ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health , Ithaca, NY ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Public & Ecosystem Health, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0477-1780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Rishniw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5010-7568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander J","family":"Travis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TETmedical, Inc ., 22 Thornwood Drive, Ithaca, NY ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health , Ithaca, NY ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Public & Ecosystem Health, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1065-0691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yael","family":"Merbl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13344","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation and review of approaches for nonspecific lameness in dogs presented to an emergency service (2013\u20132014): 134 cases","volume":"34","author":"Ramos","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(01)50043-1","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging of lameness in small animals","volume":"31","author":"Hoskinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-7215-0_9","article-title":"Neuron-specific enolase as a biomarker: biochemical and clinical aspects","volume":"867","author":"Isgr\u00f2","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277421","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00300","article-title":"Serial sampling of serum protein biomarkers for monitoring human traumatic brain injury dynamics: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Thelin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.07.017","article-title":"Plasma levels of neuron specific enolase quantify the extent of neuronal injury in murine models of ischemic stroke and multiple sclerosis","volume":"59","author":"Gelderblom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.104509","article-title":"Neuron specific enolase as a marker of seizure related neuronal injury","volume":"131","author":"Shaik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000148906.83616.D2","article-title":"Serum biomarkers for experimental acute spinal cord injury: rapid elevation of neuron-specific enolase and S-100\u03b2","volume":"56","author":"Loy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4510","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.907406","article-title":"The prognostic value of serum neuron specific enolase (NSE) and S100B level in patients of acute spinal cord injury","volume":"24","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2016.1144410","article-title":"S100B and neuron-specific enolase as mortality predictors in patients with severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"38","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-5787","article-title":"Neuron-specific enolase as biomarker for possible neuronal damage in dogs with distemper v\u00edrus","volume":"39","author":"Elias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pesq Vet Bras"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713100","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.713100","article-title":"A precision medicine agenda in traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Cruz Navarro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-008-0148-2","article-title":"Serum neuron-specific enolase as a predictor of short-term outcome and its correlation with Glasgow Coma Scale in traumatic brain injury","volume":"31","author":"Guzel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E823","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000654","article-title":"Diagnostic value of serum levels of GFAP, pNF-H, and NSE compared with clinical findings in severity assessment of human traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"40","author":"Ahadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/CBF.S135368","article-title":"Improved monitoring dynamics through use of a tethered enzyme biosensor to detect and quantify neuron-specific enolase activity levels in biofluids","volume":"7","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Biomark Findings"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0186(83)90021-9","article-title":"Release of neuron specific enolase (NSE) in cerebrospinal fluid following experimental lesions of the rat brain","volume":"5","author":"Steinberg","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(83)90131-6","article-title":"A bioluminescent assay for enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) activity in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"135","author":"Wevers","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.11-0474","article-title":"Proteome analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in healthy beagles and canine encephalitis","volume":"74","author":"Nakamura","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.11.039","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers showing neurodegeneration in dogs with GM1 gangliosidosis: possible use for assessment of a therapeutic regimen","volume":"1133","author":"Satoh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCPA.2020.06.011","article-title":"Serum concentrations of neuron-specific enolase in dogs following traumatic brain injury","volume":"179","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2005.210","article-title":"Effects of hemolysis and storage condition on neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in cerebrospinal fluid and serum: implications in clinical practice","volume":"43","author":"Ramont","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0142326","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142326","article-title":"Use of tethered enzymes as a platform technology for rapid analyte detection","volume":"10","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1089\/089771501300227378","article-title":"Neuron-specific enolase serum levels after controlled cortical impact injury in the rat","volume":"18","author":"Woertgen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2007.05.014","article-title":"Elevation of neuron-specific enolase and S-100\u03b2 protein level in experimental acute spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Cao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1515\/jomb-2017-0018","article-title":"Elevated serum protein S100B and neuron specific enolase values as predictors of early neurological outcome after traumatic brain injury","volume":"36","author":"Stefanovi\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Biochem"},{"key":"2026062414311875500_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00988598","article-title":"An ultramicro bioluminescence assay of enolase: application to human cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"10","author":"Viallard","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/3\/aalag122\/68607489\/aalag122.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/3\/aalag122\/68607489\/aalag122.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T18:31:23Z","timestamp":1782325883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag122\/8715728"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag122","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"article-number":"aalag122"}}