{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T20:07:19Z","timestamp":1784318839217,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urethral bulking using cystoscopic injection of various bulking agents has been commonly utilized in female dogs with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI), but its use in male dogs with urinary incontinence has not been well described.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Describe the treatment and outcomes of male dogs with urinary incontinence that underwent submucosal cystoscopic injection of 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAHG) using a percutaneous fluoroscopically assisted perineal approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five client-owned male dogs with urinary incontinence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective case series. Male dogs with urinary incontinence that underwent a percutaneous fluoroscopically assisted perineal approach for submucosal cystoscopic injection of PAHG. Complications were recorded. Continence scores (1\u00a0=\u00a0constant incontinence to 5\u00a0=\u00a0fully continent) were assessed before the procedure, 30\u00a0days after bulking, and at the time of last follow-up and compared using a Friedman multiple comparison test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All 5 dogs had suspected USMI and 1 dog also had a urethral diverticulum. All 5 dogs had improvement in their urinary incontinence. The median initial continence score was 2 (range, 2-4). The continence score improved significantly compared with the baseline score both at 30\u00a0days post-bulking (median, 5; range, 4-5) and at the time of last follow-up (median, 5; range, 4-5; P\u00a0=\u00a0.03). Median time of last follow-up was 108\u00a0days post-bulking (range, 51-154\u00a0days). One dog had self-limiting hematuria. No severe adverse events were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Percutaneous fluoroscopically assisted perineal approach for submucosal cystoscopic injection of PAHG in male dogs with urinary incontinence is a promising treatment option.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T19:58:07Z","timestamp":1784318287000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Submucosal urethral bulking with 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel (Mictamid) for urinary incontinence in male dogs using a percutaneous fluoroscopically assisted perineal approach"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4347-0702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rae","family":"McAtee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Urology Service, Friendship Hospital for Animals , 5025 Wisconsin Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5470-0389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie M","family":"Skinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Urology Service, Friendship Hospital for Animals , 5025 Wisconsin Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7300-0587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan D","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Urology Service, Friendship Hospital for Animals , 5025 Wisconsin Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2002.tb00020.x","article-title":"Evaluation of phenylpropanolamine in the treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch","volume":"43","author":"Scott","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref2","first-page":"501","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a single daily dose of phenylpropanolamine in the treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch","volume":"52","author":"Claeys","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.149.25.764","article-title":"Treatment of bitches with acquired urinary incontinence with oestriol","volume":"149","author":"Mandigers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1987.tb09646.x","article-title":"Medical therapy of urinary incontinence in ovariectomised bitches: a comparison of the effectiveness of diethylstilboestrol and pseudoephedrine","volume":"64","author":"Nendick","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15857","article-title":"Evaluation of cross-linked gelatin as a bulking agent for the management of urinary sphincter mechanism incompetence in female dogs","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12951","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in male dogs under primary veterinary care in England: prevalence and risk factors","volume":"60","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.139.22.542","article-title":"Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in male dogs: a retrospective analysis of 54 cases","volume":"139","author":"Aaron","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6588","article-title":"Clinical response and side effects associated with testosterone cypionate for urinary incontinence in male dogs","volume":"53","author":"Palerme","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1989.195.10.1369","article-title":"Treatment of urinary incontinence in dogs by endoscopic injection of Teflon","volume":"195","author":"Arnold","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13473","article-title":"Artificial urethral sphincter in male dogs with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence: 19 cases (2010\u20132017)","volume":"63","author":"Bohlen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0759.x","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of urethral bovine cross-linked collagen implantation for treatment of urinary incontinence in female dogs","volume":"25","author":"Byron","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00287.x","article-title":"Prostatopexy as a treatment for urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in male dogs","volume":"46","author":"Holt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref13","first-page":"869","article-title":"Complication of an artificial urethral sphincter in the treatment of a urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence","volume":"60","author":"Parker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16399","article-title":"Diagnosis, management, and outcome of urethral obstruction secondary to the capsule associated with the artificial urethral sphincter device","volume":"36","author":"Kopecny","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6709","article-title":"Long-term outcome of female dogs treated with static hydraulic urethral sphincter for urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence","volume":"54","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12949","article-title":"Retrospective analysis after endoscopic urethral injections of glutaraldehyde-cross-linked-collagen or dextranomer\/hyaluronic acid copolymer in bitches with urinary incontinence","volume":"60","author":"L\u00fcttmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.73","article-title":"Evaluation of long-term effects of endoscopic injection of collagen into the urethral submucosa for treatment of urethral sphincter incompetence in female dogs: 40 cases (1993\u20132000)","volume":"226","author":"Barth","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.249.8.918","article-title":"Rigid urethrocystoscopy via a percutaneous fluoroscopic-assisted perineal approach in male dogs: 19 cases (2005\u20132014)","volume":"249","author":"Tong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70243","article-title":"Cystoscopic-guided laser ablation of intramural ectopic ureters in male dogs: a retrospective study of 18 cases (2011\u20132023)","volume":"39","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30875-0","article-title":"A percutaneous perineal approach for cystoscopy in male dogs","volume":"44","author":"Brearley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-015-0110-6","article-title":"An international multi-centre prospective study on the efficacy of an intraarticular polyacrylamide hydrogel in horses with osteoarthritis: a 24 months follow-up","volume":"57","author":"Tnibar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.06.0398","article-title":"Owner-reported outcomes indicate intra-articular 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel injection is well tolerated and reduces osteoarthritis signs in dogs","volume":"264","author":"Barnhard","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-010-1214-1","article-title":"An open multicenter study of polyacrylamide hydrogel (Bulkamid\u00ae) for female stress and mixed urinary incontinence","volume":"21","author":"Lose","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Urogynecology J"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.15717","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of polyacrylamide hydrogel treatment in women with stress urinary incontinence","volume":"130","author":"Hoe","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24589","article-title":"Seven-year efficacy and safety outcomes of Bulkamid for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence","volume":"40","author":"Brosche","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeurourolUrodyn"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref26","first-page":"243","article-title":"Suspected congenital urethral diverticulum in a dog","volume":"59","author":"Atilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026071715580192800_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17102","article-title":"Placement of an artificial urethral sphincter in 8 male dogs with urethral diverticulum","volume":"38","author":"Neumann","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/4\/aalag140\/69205170\/aalag140.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/4\/aalag140\/69205170\/aalag140.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T19:58:08Z","timestamp":1784318288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag140\/8736964"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag140","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"article-number":"aalag140"}}