{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T18:31:12Z","timestamp":1787596272154,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Primary enteric or disseminated infections with Prototheca bovis in dogs typically are associated with short survival times despite treatment. We describe the extended clinical course of 3 dogs diagnosed with enteric P. bovis infection treated with antifungal therapy incorporating posaconazole. One dog was alive 45\u00a0months after starting treatment, exhibiting only mild, intermittent diarrhea and no detectable algae on rectal cytology. This dog also received SC amphotericin B (AMB) infusions during the first month after diagnosis. The second dog, managed exclusively with posaconazole, was alive after 39\u00a0months with moderate mixed-bowel diarrhea and ongoing P. bovis shedding but without clinical signs of dissemination. The third dog survived 21\u00a0months before death because of central nervous system dissemination; additional treatments included itraconazole, AMB, terbinafine, and immunotherapy using an autologous vaccine. Posaconazole was well tolerated in all dogs and can be considered a therapeutic option for dogs with enteric protothecosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T18:05:24Z","timestamp":1787594724000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prolonged survival of 3 dogs with\n                    <i>Prototheca bovis<\/i>\n                    infection treated with posaconazole"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5058-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrin F A","family":"Langner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Australian Veterinary Emergency and Specialty , Success, WA 6164, \u00a0","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2857-3807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ammie","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathwest Laboratory , Nedlands, WA 6009, \u00a0","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4767-0254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margie","family":"Roser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetnostics , Macquarie Park, NSW 2113, \u00a0","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6812-6310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Troy A","family":"Bunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Australian Veterinary Emergency and Specialty , Success, WA 6164, \u00a0","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0919-5636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Specialist Hospital , North Ryde, NSW 2113, \u00a0","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6714-3354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika","family":"Proskurnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw 02-096 ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9553-5742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Jagielski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw 02-096 ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6025-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Veterinary Education, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney , Sydney 2050 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70025","article-title":"Protothecosis in dogs: a narrative review","volume":"39","author":"Jagielski","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780601187158","article-title":"Protothecosis in 17 Australian dogs and a review of the canine literature","volume":"45","author":"Stenner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2019.101639","article-title":"The genus Prototheca (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) revisited: implications from molecular taxonomic studies","volume":"43","author":"Jagielski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Algal Res"},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2023.2248066","article-title":"Protothecosis in four dogs in New Zealand","volume":"71","author":"Price","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00584-18","article-title":"Cytb as a new genetic marker for differentiation of Prototheca species","volume":"56","author":"Jagielski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13459","article-title":"Disseminated Penicillium labradoris (synonym: P. Labradorum) in three dogs from Western Australia","volume":"103","author":"Tong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-013-9683-7","article-title":"Canine gastrointestinal pythiosis treatment by combined antifungal and immunotherapy and review of published studies","volume":"176","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycopathologia."},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vrc2.757","article-title":"A dog with protothecosis in the Netherlands","volume":"12","author":"Bontekoning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Rec Case Rep"},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2009.04.015","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Prototheca zopfii in a dog with enteric signs","volume":"87","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-018-0274-5","article-title":"A case of Prototheca zopfii genotype 1 infection in a dog (Canis lupus familiaris)","volume":"183","author":"Silveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycopathologia."},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01306-y","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of posaconazole","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs."},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.2165\/11319340-000000000-00000","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic profile of posaconazole","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16282","article-title":"Posaconazole treatment of refractory coccidioidomycosis in dogs","volume":"35","author":"Shubitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreccr-2016-000350","article-title":"Use of posaconazole for treatment of disseminated protothecosis in a dog","volume":"4","author":"Enders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Rec Case Rep"},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13795","article-title":"Treatment of disseminated aspergillosis with posaconazole in 10 dogs","volume":"30","author":"Corrigan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2016.01.002","article-title":"Disseminated Chrysosporium infection in a German shepherd dog","volume":"10","author":"Cook","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12686","article-title":"Treatment of refractory sino-nasal aspergillosis with posaconazole and terbinafine in 10 dogs","volume":"58","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5503","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00802-12","article-title":"Multicenter study of posaconazole therapeutic drug monitoring: exposure-response relationship and factors affecting concentration","volume":"56","author":"Dolton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CPAA.S60933","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and safety of posaconazole delayed-release tablets for invasive fungal infections","volume":"1","author":"Wiederhold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.5.454","article-title":"Posaconazole pharmacokinetics after administration of an intravenous solution, oral suspension, and delayed-release tablet to dogs","volume":"76","author":"Kendall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026082414051498200_ref21","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance","author":"World Health Organization","year":"; 2023"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/4\/aalag170\/70772489\/aalag170.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/4\/aalag170\/70772489\/aalag170.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T18:05:25Z","timestamp":1787594725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag170\/8769656"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag170","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"article-number":"aalag170"}}