{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T18:31:12Z","timestamp":1787596272166,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A 7-year-old neutered male Cocker Spaniel with unrestricted access to rural land presented for progressive lethargy, tachypnea, and cough. Thoracic radiographs showed an unstructured interstitial pattern. Fine-needle aspirate (FNA) lung cytology identified pyogranulomatous inflammation with intralesional mushroom spores. Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) was suspected, and treatment was initiated with oxygen supplementation and an immunosuppressive dosage of corticosteroid. Thoracic computed tomography (CT) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were performed on day 6, month 2, and year 1 to track therapeutic response and assess architectural changes. Clinical signs guided prednisone tapering and discontinuation. One year later, thoracic CT and BAL confirmed re-exposure to mushroom spores with mild persistent inflammation and CT changes suggestive of mixed parenchymal and small airway disease despite absent clinical signs. This case report emphasizes the importance of rapid identification of pulmonary mushroom spores for prompt immunosuppressive treatment. Unlike prior reports of lycoperdonosis with acute, fulminating, and generally fatal outcomes, this dog developed chronic HP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T18:05:36Z","timestamp":1787594736000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Successful immunosuppressive treatment of hypersensitivity pneumonitis secondary to lycoperdonosis in a dog"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8690-517X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iliana","family":"Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8146-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Vient\u00f3s-Plotts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"BREATHE Clinic, Veterinary Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7899-9385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Masseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences Cliniques, Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Saint-Hyacinthe ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4888-4556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin","family":"Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Integrative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4181-7378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Royal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Integrative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6382-5582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol R","family":"Reinero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"BREATHE Clinic, Veterinary Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082414052690700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15017","article-title":"Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: current concepts in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"77","author":"Barnes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"2026082414052690700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304b","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c6353","article-title":"Puffball mushroom toxicosis (lycoperdonosis) in a two-year-old dachshund","volume":"168","author":"Buckeridge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026082414052690700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200629","article-title":"Lycoperdonosis in two dogs","volume":"22","author":"Alenghat","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2026082414052690700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202005-2032ST","article-title":"Diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in adults. An official ATS\/JRS\/ALAT clinical practice guideline","volume":"202","author":"Raghu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026082414052690700_ref5","first-page":"559","article-title":"Hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated with inhalation of Lycoperdon spores (lycoperdonosis) in a 3-month-old English setter dog in Quebec","volume":"65","author":"Lecuyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026082414052690700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2013.05.002","article-title":"Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a dog associated with Geastrum triplex spores","volume":"2","author":"Whitney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"key":"2026082414052690700_ref7","article-title":"Inhalation pneumonitis in a dog from spores of puffball mushrooms","volume":"50","author":"Rubensohn","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026082414052690700_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-020-00360-3","article-title":"Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis: diagnosis and management","volume":"198","author":"Varone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"2026082414052690700_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.105388","article-title":"Thoracic computed tomographic interpretation for clinicians to aid in the diagnosis of dogs and cats with respiratory disease","volume":"253","author":"Masseau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026082414052690700_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00352","article-title":"Presumptive development of fibrotic lung disease from Bordetella bronchiseptica and post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in a dog","volume":"6","author":"Jaffey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026082414052690700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0694.x","article-title":"Clinical, bronchoscopic, histopathologic, diagnostic imaging, and arterial oxygenation findings in west highland white terriers with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"25","author":"Heikkila","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026082414052690700_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5414\/ALX02560E","article-title":"Characteristics of irreversibility in high-resolution computed tomography in chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis","volume":"9","author":"Rehbock","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergol Select"},{"key":"2026082414052690700_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13692","article-title":"Long-term outcomes in chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis","volume":"74","author":"Ojanguren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"2026082414052690700_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4919951","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4919951","article-title":"Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: challenges of a complex disease","volume":"2024","author":"Calaras","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"key":"2026082414052690700_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2025.106492","article-title":"The thoracic radiographic unstructured interstitial pattern underestimates and may fail to identify canine respiratory disease compared to computed tomography","volume":"314","author":"Baumgardner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026082414052690700_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196707132770209","article-title":"Lycoperdonosis","volume":"65","author":"Henriksen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"2026082414052690700_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1976.tb04945.x","article-title":"Lycoperdonosis","volume":"277","author":"Strand","year":"1967","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026082414052690700_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03081-8","article-title":"Reversibility of clinical and computed tomographic lesions mimicking pulmonary fibrosis in a young cat","volume":"17","author":"Stavri","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/4\/aalag176\/70772546\/aalag176.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/4\/aalag176\/70772546\/aalag176.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T18:05:36Z","timestamp":1787594736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag176\/8769665"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag176","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"article-number":"aalag176"}}