{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:24:11Z","timestamp":1788470651658,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bexagliflozin and velagliflozin are currently the only sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating diabetes in cats. There are limited real-world safety reports on their associated adverse events (AEs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To analyze AEs associated with bexagliflozin and velagliflozin using real-world data from the FDA Animal Drug Adverse Events (ADAE) database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>None.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AE reports submitted for cats receiving bexagliflozin and velagliflozin. Data were obtained from the ADAE database up to the second quarter of 2025. Disproportionality analysis was conducted employing four algorithms: the reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio, Bayesian confidence propagation neural network, and multi-item gamma Poisson shrinker.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 34\u2009187 AE reports for cats, 2876 were related to bexagliflozin and 2776 to velagliflozin. AEs associated with bexagliflozin spanned 22 system organ classes (SOCs), with stronger signals observed for weight fluctuation, glucosuria, and diabetic ketoacidosis. Velagliflozin-related AEs occurred in 19 SOCs, with higher RORs for ketonuria, hypochloremia, and acid\u2013base disorders. Bexagliflozin was associated with stronger signals for DKA and ketosis, whereas velagliflozin showed stronger signals for ketonuria and hypochloremia. Velagliflozin-related AEs occurred earlier (median onset: 5 vs. 9\u00a0days), resolved more quickly (median duration: 8 vs. 14\u00a0days).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides a comprehensive safety profile of bexagliflozin and velagliflozin for diabetes in cats. These findings support veterinarians in implementing differentiated risk monitoring and individualized therapeutic decisions in the management of diabetes in cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:57:19Z","timestamp":1788469039000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Post-marketing safety monitoring of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for diabetes in cats: a pharmacovigilance study based on the FDA ADAE database"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-7819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoheng","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College , Xiamen, Fujian 361024 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0812-2729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maohua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pingtan Comprehensive Experimental Area Hospital , Fuzhou, Fujian 350400 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8548-0555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou University Affiliated Provincial Hospital , Fuzhou, Fujian 350001 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8406-6098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital , Fuzhou, Fujian 350001 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X221106355","article-title":"Feline comorbidities: clinical perspective on diabetes mellitus and pancreatitis","volume":"24","author":"Xenoulis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6822","article-title":"2018 AAHA diabetes management guidelines for dogs and cats","volume":"54","author":"Behrend","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098612x241232546","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X241232546","article-title":"Frequency of diabetic remission, predictors of remission and survival in cats using a low-cost, moderate-intensity, home-monitoring protocol and twice-daily glargine","volume":"26","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci4020027","article-title":"The big pet diabetes survey: perceived frequency and triggers for euthanasia","volume":"4","author":"Niessen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet sci"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref5","volume-title":"Two New Drugs to Treat Diabetes in Cats-Is One Right for Your Cat?"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16730","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of the sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitor bexagliflozin in cats newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus","volume":"37","author":"Hadd","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17124","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of once daily oral administration of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor velagliflozin compared with twice daily insulin injection in diabetic cats","volume":"38","author":"Niessen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref8","first-page":"52","article-title":"Evaluation of bexagliflozin in cats with poorly regulated diabetes mellitus","volume":"86","author":"Benedict","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref9","volume-title":"Dear Veterinarian Letter advising veterinarians of important safety conditions associated with the use of Bexacat (bexagliflozin tablets) for improving glycemic control in certain cats with diabetes mellitus"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref10","volume-title":"Dear Veterinarian Letter regarding important safety conditions associated with the use of Senvelgo (velagliflozin oral solution) for improving glycemic control in certain cats with diabetes mellitus"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref11","volume-title":"FDA labelsPLUS: SENVELGO (Velagliflozin oral solution) for cats","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref12","volume-title":"FDA labelsPLUS: Bexacat (Bexagliflozin tablets) for cats","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref13","volume-title":"Animal & Veterinary Adverse Events","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-024-01423-7","article-title":"The REporting of a disproportionality analysis for DrUg safety signal detection using individual case safety reports in PharmacoVigilance (READUS-PV): explanation and elaboration","volume":"47","author":"Fusaroli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref15","volume-title":"Combined Veddra list of clinical terms for reporting suspected adverse events in animals and humans to veterinary medicinal products","author":"European Medicines Agency CVMP","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref16","volume-title":"Guidance notes on the use of Veddra terminology for reporting suspected adverse events in animals and humans","author":"European Medicines Agency CVMP","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1177\/2168479013514236","article-title":"A review of statistical methods for safety surveillance","volume":"48","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther Innov Regul Sci"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2023.01.005","article-title":"Diabetes ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome in companion animals","volume":"53","author":"Gal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.03.0174","article-title":"Velagliflozin, a once-daily, liquid, oral SGLT2 inhibitor, is effective as a stand-alone therapy for feline diabetes mellitus: the sensation study","volume":"262","author":"Behrend","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.05.011","article-title":"SGLT-2 inhibition and glucagon: cause for alarm?","volume":"26","author":"Kibbey","year":"2015","journal-title":"TEM"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13466","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitor use in the management of feline diabetes mellitus","volume":"48","author":"Cook","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711428332","article-title":"Measurement of \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate in cats with nonketotic diabetes mellitus, diabetic ketosis, and diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"24","author":"Weingart","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.03.0174","article-title":"Velagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, as once-daily, oral solution, stand-alone therapy for feline diabetes mellitus. ACVIM forum 2023 (abstract)","volume":"37","author":"Behrend","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.02.008","article-title":"International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats","volume":"247","author":"Weese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-024-01537-3","article-title":"Diabetes, SGLT-2 inhibitors, and urinary tract infection: a review","volume":"24","author":"Pishdad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19880435","article-title":"Urinary tract infection and subclinical bacteriuria in cats: a clinical update","volume":"21","author":"Dorsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2017.1361400","article-title":"Acid-base and electrolyte disorders associated with the use of antidiabetic drugs","volume":"16","author":"Filippatos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12565","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of serum pancreatic enzymes and ultrasonographic findings in diabetic cats without clinically relevant pancreatitis at diagnosis","volume":"29","author":"Zini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbab347","article-title":"Detection algorithms and attentive points of safety signal using spontaneous reporting systems as a clinical data source","volume":"22","author":"Noguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"2026090316570696000_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04185.x","article-title":"Trends of reporting of 'serious'vs. 'non-serious' adverse drug reactions over time: a study in the French PharmacoVigilance database","volume":"74","author":"Moulis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/5\/aalag193\/70948812\/aalag193.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/5\/aalag193\/70948812\/aalag193.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:57:23Z","timestamp":1788469043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag193\/8785150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag193","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"article-number":"aalag193"}}