{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:12:40Z","timestamp":1788289960449,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Assessment of trigeminal nerve (TN) function in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking (TMHS) using trigeminocervical reflex (TCR) and quantitative sensory testing (QST) has not been investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Horses with TMHS show lower TCR and QST thresholds than controls. A subset shows left-to-right differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Privately owned horses with TMHS (n\u00a0=\u00a012) and secondary headshaking (sHS; n\u00a0=\u00a04), from a referral hospital. Headshaking-free controls (n\u00a0=\u00a014), from the hospital\u2019s teaching herd or privately owned.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective case\u2013control-study. In unsedated horses, TCR was assessed using an automated threshold-tracking device via infraorbital nerve stimulation with concurrent splenic muscle electromyography. QST included evaluation of mechanical nociceptive, tactile sensory, and thermal nociceptive thresholds, assessed bilaterally at 2 sites. Group comparisons used t-tests or Mann\u2013Whitney U tests. Univariate logistic regression assessed TCR and QST as predictors of TMHS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Horses with TMHS had significantly lower TCR thresholds than controls (0.82\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.22\u00a0mA vs. 1.16\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.30\u00a0mA, Hedges\u2019 g\u00a0=\u00a01.24, 95% CI, 0.41-2.06, t\u00a0=\u00a0\u22123.31, P\u00a0=\u00a0.003), and logistic regression predicting TMHS showed good performance (R2 of 0.73, area under the curve of 0.83). No significant left-to-right differences were identified. In sHS horses, lower thresholds were observed on the affected side. QST revealed no significant differences between groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lower TCR thresholds support altered TN function in TMHS. TCR might be a useful adjunct diagnostic tool, whereas QST did not identify affected horses, reflecting heterogeneous somatosensory phenotypes or limited sensitivity of the QST protocol.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T18:12:38Z","timestamp":1788286358000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic utility of trigeminocervical reflex and quantitative sensory testing in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0786-2759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie J","family":"K\u00e4fer-Karrer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern , 3001 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1612-6420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Spadavecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Anesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern , 3001 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4357-6096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"de Preux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern , 3001 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8238-8907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Unger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern , 3001 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090114123049000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.334","article-title":"Owner survey of headshaking in horses","volume":"219","author":"Madigan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026090114123049000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1987.tb01424.x","article-title":"Observations on headshaking in the horse","volume":"19","author":"Lane","year":"1987","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026090114123049000_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12223125","article-title":"Impact of different diagnostic procedures on diagnosis, therapy, and outcome in horses with headshaking: recommendations for fast-track advanced diagnostic and therapeutic protocols","volume":"12","author":"Kloock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"2026090114123049000_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70064","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70064","article-title":"Pain assessment of horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking (TMHS) at rest between episodes","volume":"39","author":"Franzen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026090114123049000_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30233-7","article-title":"Advances in diagnosis, classification, pathophysiology, and management of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"19","author":"Bendtsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2026090114123049000_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1914484","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia. 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