{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:06:48Z","timestamp":1792786008510,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Boditech Med Inc.","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009zm7e81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) assay validation is essential for establishing analytical reliability, evaluating discrimination between diabetic and non-diabetic (NDM) dogs, and establishing reference intervals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Validate a canine HbA1c point-of-care analyzer (Vet Chroma\u2122), evaluate its diagnostic performance, and establish a reference interval in healthy dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-one diabetic, 44 NDM controls, and 42 healthy client-owned dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective validation of precision, linearity, interference, and storage stability. Method comparison used an immunoturbidimetric comparator assay (Olympus DxC 700\u00a0AU). Diagnostic performance was evaluated via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, likelihood ratios, and odds ratios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Average intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 3.92% and 8.47%. Linearity over the clinical range (0.86%-6.27% HbA1c%) was strong (R2\u00a0=\u00a00.973) with minor constant bias. HbA1c remained stable for 5\u00a0days at 4\u00a0\u00b0C and up to 3\u00a0months at both -20 and -80\u00a0\u00b0C, but not reliably at 6\u00a0months. Lipemia and icterus exhibited variable interfering effects. Method comparison indicated non-interchangeability with the comparator assay. Diabetic dogs had significantly higher HbA1c than NDM (mean 5.10% vs 1.58%). ROC analysis yielded an AUC of 0.969, with a cutoff &amp;gt;\u20093.22% achieving 90.20% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The positive likelihood ratio was not estimable, and the odds ratio was 22.90 (95% CI, 3.60\u2013146.90). Healthy young dogs\u2019 reference interval was 1.25% (90% CI, 1.19\u20131.59) to 2.75% (90% CI, 2.56\u20132.90).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Vet Chroma\u2122 provides reliable HbA1c measurements in canine whole blood and effectively discriminates diabetic from non-diabetic dogs. Results should be interpreted alongside clinical and clinicopathologic findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T08:35:33Z","timestamp":1790066133000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of a canine hemoglobin A1c point-of-care assay: analytical validation, clinical utility, and establishing a population-based reference interval"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1532-6635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denzel","family":"Adam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61802 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7916-4387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Noto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61802 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61802 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0000-0265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael F","family":"Rosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61802 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9233-0338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61802 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6449-2812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnon","family":"Gal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61802 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092204352832200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119501237.ch12","volume-title":"Clinical Small Animal Internal Medicine","author":"Rand","year":"2020","edition":"1st"},{"key":"2026092204352832200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118997093.ch15","volume-title":"Clinical Endocrinology of Companion Animals","author":"Fleeman","year":"2013","edition":"1st"},{"key":"2026092204352832200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681200600302","article-title":"Monitoring methods for dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus","volume":"6","author":"Cook","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026092204352832200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020287430949","article-title":"Serum fructosamine concentrations in dogs with hypothyroidism","volume":"26","author":"Reusch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"2026092204352832200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.12.370","article-title":"Evaluation of fructosamine in dogs and cats with hypo- or hyperproteinaemia, azotaemia, hyperlipidaemia and hyperbilirubinaemia","volume":"148","author":"Reusch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026092204352832200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V82.11.3469.3469","article-title":"Senescence of canine biotinylated erythrocytes: increased autologous immunoglobulin binding occurs on erythrocytes aged in vivo for 104 to 110 days","volume":"82","author":"Christian","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026092204352832200_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.58","article-title":"Effect of anaemia and erythrocyte indices on canine glycated haemoglobin","volume":"188","author":"Oikonomidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026092204352832200_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S128","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S006","article-title":"6. 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