{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:00:03Z","timestamp":1791396003955,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low blood butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity is associated with obesity, pancreatitis, inflammation, sepsis, and malignancy in people, often with negative prognostic value. The clinical relevance of BChE activity in dogs remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Describe the prevalence of low BChE activity in a large population of dogs and its association with selected underlying disorders, outcome, and clinicopathological variables. We hypothesized that low BChE activity would be associated with inflammatory disorders and a negative outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 950 client-owned dogs presented to a university teaching hospital with BChE activity measured within 24\u00a0h of admission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective observational study of clinical records and laboratory data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Admission BChE activities ranged from 482 to 17\u2009348\u00a0U\/L (median, 4553\u00a0U\/L; interquartile range [IQR], 3485-5926\u00a0U\/L) and were below reference intervals (RI) in 83 of 950 dogs (8.7%) at admission and in 53 of 207 (25.6%) dogs with repeat in-hospital measurements. Low BChE activity was associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis, but the predictive value was lower than that of C-reactive protein (CRP). Low admission BChE activity was associated with increased odds of non-survival, lower hematocrit and cholesterol concentrations and increased band neutrophil percentages, but no associations were found with obesity, acute pancreatitis, or malignancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Activity of BChE behaves as a negative inflammatory marker in dogs, but its utility as a standalone clinical classifier for SIRS or sepsis is limited and inferior to CRP. Low BChE activity is associated with poor prognosis but is not an independent predictor of outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:34:56Z","timestamp":1791394496000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low plasma butyrylcholinesterase activity in dogs: prevalence, association with underlying disorders, laboratory variables, and survival"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0384-1874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne M","family":"Tesseraux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern , 3012 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4092-6794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern , 3012 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6302-4240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laureen M","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern , 3012 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.11.005","article-title":"A medical health report on individuals with silent butyrylcholinesterase in the Vysya community of India","volume":"378","author":"Manoharan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5493\/wjem.v14.i1.87202","article-title":"Emerging significance of butyrylcholinesterase","volume":"14","author":"Sridhar","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.751320.x","article-title":"Abundant tissue butyrylcholinesterase and its possible function in the acetylcholinesterase knockout mouse","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(94)90416-2","article-title":"Tissue distribution of human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase messenger RNA","volume":"32","author":"Jbilo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicon."},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2025.1625318","article-title":"New views on physiological functions and regulation of butyrylcholinesterase and potential therapeutic interventions","volume":"12","author":"Hajimohammadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2022.09.008","article-title":"Novel activity of human BChE: lipid hydrolysis","volume":"204","author":"Gok","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochimie."},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.02.013","article-title":"Physiological roles for butyrylcholinesterase: a BChE-ghrelin axis","volume":"259","author":"Brimijoin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0b013e3283627700","article-title":"Association of butyrylcholinesterase with cardiometabolic risk factors among apparently healthy adults","volume":"15","author":"Vallianou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown)"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.07.030","article-title":"Relationship between serum butyrylcholinesterase and obesity in dogs: a preliminary report","volume":"186","author":"Tvarijonaviciute","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13741","article-title":"Predictive value of serum cholinesterase in the mortality of acute pancreatitis: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"52","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1942193","article-title":"A sustained reduction in serum cholinesterase enzyme activity predicts patient outcome following sepsis","volume":"2018","author":"Zivkovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.5754\/hge13141","article-title":"Prognostic value of serum cholinesterase activities in sepsis patients","volume":"60","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology."},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1159\/000530631","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic performance of plasma albumin and cholinesterase in patients with sepsis and septic shock","volume":"32","author":"Schupp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2015.09.005","article-title":"Butyrylcholinesterase as a marker of inflammation and liver injury in the acute and subclinical phases of canine ehrlichiosis","volume":"43","author":"Carmo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12250","article-title":"Inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers of disease severity in dogs with parvoviral enteritis","volume":"56","author":"Kocaturk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017000774","article-title":"Demodex canis regulates cholinergic system mediated immunosuppressive pathways in canine demodicosis","volume":"144","author":"Kumari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2015.09.004","article-title":"Novel markers of inflammatory response and hepatic dysfunction in canine leishmaniasis","volume":"44","author":"Tonin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.09.010","article-title":"Serum butyrylcholinesterase and paraoxonase 1 in a canine model of endotoxemia: effects of choline administration","volume":"93","author":"Tvarijonaviciute","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.165869","article-title":"Serum butyrylcholinesterase and zinc in breast cancer","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_207_16","article-title":"Butyrylcholinesterase: an economical marker of disease activity in oral squamous cell carcinoma before and after therapy","volume":"16","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2015.06.011","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammatory response biomarkers in dogs with mammary carcinoma","volume":"211","author":"Machado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.06.040","article-title":"Serum butyrylcholinesterase activity in dogs with diabetes mellitus","volume":"192","author":"Tvarijonaviciute","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref23","first-page":"168","article-title":"Clinical presentation, consecutive measurement of serum butyrylcholinesterase activity and treatment of a dog intoxicated by anticholinesterase and presented acute cholinergic crisis followed by intermediate syndrome. Case report and review of the literature","volume":"77","author":"Klainbart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Israel J Vet Med"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.105349","article-title":"Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, treatment and outcome of acute organophosphate or carbamate intoxication in 102 dogs: a retrospective study","volume":"251","author":"Klainbart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12807","article-title":"The diagnostic and prognostic value of paraoxonase-1 and butyrylcholinesterase activities compared with acute-phase proteins in septic dogs and stratified by the acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation score","volume":"48","author":"Torrente","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066616636549","article-title":"Value of serum cholinesterase activity in the diagnosis of septic shock due to bacterial infections","volume":"32","author":"Bahloul","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S117590","article-title":"Reduced butyrylcholinesterase activity is an early indicator of trauma-induced acute systemic inflammatory response","volume":"9","author":"Zivkovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110680","article-title":"Butyrylcholinesterase and lipid metabolism: possible dual role in metabolic disorders","volume":"383","author":"Furtado-Alle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2005.04.008","article-title":"Relationship between serum butyrylcholinesterase and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Randell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-016-1401-1","article-title":"Pretreatment serum pseudocholinesterase level as a novel prognostic biomarker for upper tract urothelial carcinoma","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12051154","article-title":"Decreased activity of circulating butyrylcholinesterase in blood is an independent prognostic marker in pancreatic cancer patients","volume":"12","author":"Klocker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13359","article-title":"Defining sepsis in small animals","volume":"34","author":"Cortellini","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9","article-title":"A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity","volume":"7","author":"Ellmann","year":"1961","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref34","first-page":"805","article-title":"Proposal for standard methods for the determination of enzyme catalytic concentrations in serum and plasma at 37 degrees C","volume":"28","author":"Schmidt","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Chem Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-006-3354-9","article-title":"Validation of an automated spectrophotometric assay for the determination of cholinesterase activity in canine serum","volume":"30","author":"Furlanello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8090143","article-title":"The responsibility of veterinarians to address companion animal obesity","volume":"8","author":"Kipperman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"2026100713345188500_ref37","volume-title":"The Global Pet Obesity Initiative Position Statement","author":"Ward","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/5\/aalag237\/71667383\/aalag237.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/40\/5\/aalag237\/71667383\/aalag237.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:34:59Z","timestamp":1791394499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag237\/8875984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag237","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"article-number":"aalag237"}}