{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:51:11Z","timestamp":1791597071093,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pneumorrhachis (PR), defined as gas within the vertebral canal, is an uncommon finding, and its clinical relevance and relationship to the vacuum phenomenon (VP) have not been systematically evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize the anatomical distribution of PR in dogs and cats undergoing computed tomography (CT) and to assess its relationship with signalment, VP, and concurrent neurological and non-neurological conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred nineteen dogs and 6 cats with PR identified on CT between 2015 and 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective, descriptive study of medical records and CT reports. Cases were included when PR was documented in the radiology report, clinical and imaging information was available. Data included signalment, PR distribution, VP presence, final diagnosis categorized as neurological, non-neurological, postoperative, or no identified cause.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pneumorrhachis was identified with neurological conditions in 60\/119 dogs (50%), including intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) in 50\/60 (83%). Among IVDD-related PR, Hansen type I occurred in 32\/50 (64%) cases. A VP was present in 23\/50 dogs (46%), co-localized with the affected intervertebral disc in 78%. Non-neurological conditions accounted for 45\/119 (38%) dogs, mainly neoplastic (44%) and respiratory (36%), with VP infrequently detected. Pneumorrhachis occurred postoperatively in 12\/119 dogs. Two dogs (2%) had PR and epaxial muscle pain without an identifiable cause. In cats, PR was associated with neurological (2\/6), non-neurological conditions (2\/6), and postoperatively (2\/6). No cases involved IVDD or VP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pneumorrhachis in dogs and cats is considered an uncommon CT finding occurring with neurological and non-neurological conditions. Although often accompanying IVDD in dogs, PR was frequently incidental.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract (Dutch)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>Achtergrond<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>Pneumorrhachis (PR), gedefinieerd als de aanwezigheid van gas in het wervelkanaal, wordt beschouwd als een zeldzame bevinding, hoewel PR is beschreven in verband met intervertebrale discusdegeneratie (IVDD), zijn de klinische relevantie en de relatie met het vacu\u00fcmfenomeen (VP) niet systematisch ge\u00ebvalueerd.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>Doelstellingen<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>Het karakteriseren van de anatomische verdeling van PR bij honden en katten die computer tomografie (CT) ondergingen en het beoordelen van de relatie met signalement, VP en gelijktijdig voorkomende neurologische en niet-neurologische aandoeningen.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>Dieren<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>119 honden en 6 katten met PR, vastgesteld op CT tussen 2015 en 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>Methoden<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>Retrospectieve, beschrijvende studie van medische dossiers en CT-verslagen. Cases werden ge\u00efncludeerd wanneer PR geschreven werd in het radiologie verslag en wanneer alle klinische en beeldvorming informatie beschikbaar was.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>Resultaten<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>Pneumorrhachis werd vastgesteld bij 60\/119 honden (50%) met neurologische aandoeningen, waaronder IVDD bij 50\/60 (83%). Van de gevallen met IVDD-gerelateerde PR hadden 32\/50 (64%) een Hansen type I. Een VP was aanwezig bij 23\/50 honden (46%) en bevond zich bij 78% ter hoogte van de aangetaste tussenwervelschijf. Niet-neurologische aandoeningen waren aanwezig bij 45\/119 (38%) honden, voornamelijk neoplastische (44%) en respiratoire aandoeningen (36%), waarbij VP slechts zelden werd vastgesteld. Pneumorrhachis trad postoperatief op bij 12\/119 honden. Twee honden (2%) hadden PR en epaxiale spierpijn zonder identificeerbare oorzaak. Bij katten was PR geassocieerd met neurologische aandoeningen (2\/6), niet-neurologische aandoeningen (2\/6) en een postoperatieve toestand (2\/6). Geen van de katten had IVDD of VP.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>Conclusies en klinische relevantie<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>PR bij honden en katten wordt beschouwd als een zeldzame CT-bevinding die voorkomt bij zowel neurologische als niet-neurologische aandoeningen. Hoewel PR bij honden vaak gepaard gaat met IVDD, is het vaak een incidentele bevinding.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jvimsj\/aalag250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:30:58Z","timestamp":1791595858000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical characteristics of pneumorrhachis in dogs and cats: a retrospective study of 125 cases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7691-5542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Ooms","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , 9820 Merelbeke- Melle ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Nesto Veterinary Clinic Orion , 2200 Herentals 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