{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T09:55:33Z","timestamp":1784973333999,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1125318N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1125318N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carbohydrates such as fructans can be involved in priming or defence stimulation, and hence potentially provide new strategies for crop protection against biotic stress. Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a model plant for fructan research and is a crop with many known health benefits. Using the chicory\u2013Botrytis cinerea pathosystem, we tested the effectiveness of fructan-induced immunity, focussing on different plant and microbial fructans. Sugar dynamics were followed after priming and subsequent pathogen infection. Our results indicated that many higher plants might detect extracellular levan oligosaccharides (LOS) of microbial origin, while chicory also detects extracellular small inulin-type fructooligosaccharides (FOS) of endogenous origin, thus differing from the findings of previous fructan priming studies. No clear positive effects were observed for inulin or mixed-type fructans. An elicitor-specific burst of reactive oxygen species was observed for sulfated LOS, while FOS and LOS both behaved as genuine priming agents. In addition, a direct antifungal effect was observed for sulfated LOS. Intriguingly, LOS priming led to a temporary increase in apoplastic sugar concentrations, mainly glucose, which could trigger downstream responses. Total sugar and starch contents in total extracts of LOS-primed leaves were higher after leaf detachment, indicating they could maintain their metabolic activity. Our results indicate the importance of balancing intra- and extracellular sugar levels (osmotic balance) in the context of \u2018sweet immunity\u2019 pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erac140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T09:01:16Z","timestamp":1649235676000},"page":"4214-4235","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Fructan oligosaccharide priming alters apoplastic sugar dynamics and improves resistance against<i>Botrytis cinerea<\/i>in chicory"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1331-2233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxime","family":"Versluys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6054-8842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebru","family":"Toksoy \u00d6ner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBSB-Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University , Istanbul , Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1137-3614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wim","family":"Van den Ende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022062419014988000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3390\/md18100521","article-title":"Induction of natural defenses in tomato seedlings by using alginate and oligoalginates derivatives extracted from Moroccan brown algae.","volume":"18","author":"Aitouguinane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Marine Drugs"},{"key":"2022062419014988000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1423","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.1423","article-title":"Chemiluminescence detection of the oxidative burst in plant leaf pieces.","volume":"5","author":"Albert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bio-Protocol"},{"key":"2022062419014988000_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00377-08","article-title":"The probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC 533 produces high-molecular-mass inulin from sucrose by using an inulosucrase enzyme.","volume":"74","author":"Anwar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"2022062419014988000_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2014.00488","article-title":"Priming of plant resistance by natural compounds. 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