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The defence can be based on direct metal toxicity or the joint effects of accumulated metal and organic compounds, the latter being based on integrated signalling networks. While the role of metals in biotic stress defence of hyperaccumulators has been intensively studied, their role in the pathogen immunity of non-accumulator plants is far less understood. New findings show that in metal non-hyperaccumulating plants, localized hot spots of zinc, manganese, and iron increase plant immunity, while manipulation of nutrient availability may be used for priming against subsequent pathogen attack. Recent findings on the role of metals in plant\u2013pathogen interactions are discussed considering the narrow line between deficiency and toxicity, host\u2013pathogen nutrient competition and synergistic effects of simultaneous metal and biotic stress. We discuss the suitability of the direct-defence and joint-effects hypotheses in non-hyperaccumulating plants, and the involvement of metals as active centres of immunity-related enzymes. We also consider future challenges in revealing the mechanisms underlying metal-mediated plant immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erac316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T13:29:00Z","timestamp":1658755740000},"page":"6516-6524","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Trace metals at the frontline of pathogen defence responses in non-hyperaccumulating plants"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1521-125X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filis","family":"Morina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry , Brani\u0161ovsk\u00e1, \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0712-7023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik","family":"K\u00fcpper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry , Brani\u0161ovsk\u00e1, \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice , Czech Republic"},{"name":"University of South Bohemia, Department of Experimental Plant Biology , Brani\u0161ovsk\u00e1, \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022110315480449200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01208-09","article-title":"The multi-copper-ion oxidase CueO of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is required for systemic virulence","volume":"78","author":"Achard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"2022110315480449200_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.2741\/1454","article-title":"Metal ion transport and regulation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"9","author":"Agranoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Frontiers in Biosciences"},{"key":"2022110315480449200_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-009-9255-4","article-title":"Soil factors associated with zinc deficiency in crops and humans","volume":"31","author":"Alloway","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environmental Geochemistry and Health"},{"key":"2022110315480449200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81405-1","article-title":"Reactive oxygen intermediates mediate a systemic signal network in the establishment of plant immunity","volume":"92","author":"Alvarez","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2022110315480449200_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx465","article-title":"Trace metal metabolism in plants","volume":"69","author":"Andresen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"key":"2022110315480449200_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2015.08.022","article-title":"Immunity to plant pathogens and iron homeostasis","volume":"240","author":"Aznar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Science"},{"key":"2022110315480449200_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0981-9428(01)01285-2","article-title":"Germins and germin-like proteins: plant do-all proteins. 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