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In hemp (Cannabis sativa), sex is controlled by a pair of sex chromosomes (XX for females and XY for males). In an attempt to understand the molecular mechanism responsible for sex expression in hemp plants, we carried out RNA sequencing of male and female plants at different developmental stages. Using a pipeline involving differential gene expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we identified genes important for male and female flower development. We also demonstrate that sex-biased expression is already established at very early vegetative stages, before the onset of reproductive development, and identify several genes encoding transcription factors of the REM, bZIP, and MADS families as candidate sex-determination genes in hemp. Our findings demonstrate that the gene regulatory networks governing male and female development in hemp diverge at a very early stage, leading to profound morphological differences between male and female hemp plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erae429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T05:58:00Z","timestamp":1730181480000},"page":"175-190","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Identification of genes associated with sex expression and sex determination in hemp (<i>Cannabis sativa<\/i> L.)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2855-5385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin , Dublin ,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8216-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Toscani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin , Dublin ,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1184-7798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline A","family":"Dowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin , Dublin ,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1142-6520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Schilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin , Dublin ,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0631-9023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rainer","family":"Melzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin , Dublin ,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024122005222463500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115983","article-title":"FD, a bZIP protein mediating signals from the floral pathway integrator FT at the shoot apex","volume":"309","author":"Abe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024122005222463500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-020-03522-y","article-title":"Comparative RNA-Seq analysis reveals genes associated with masculinization in female Cannabis sativa","volume":"253","author":"Adal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"2024122005222463500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W537","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky379","article-title":"The Galaxy platform for accessible, reproducible and collaborative biomedical analyses: 2018 update","volume":"46","author":"Afgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"2024122005222463500_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.17.00787","article-title":"A Y-encoded suppressor of feminization arose via lineage-specific duplication of a cytokinin response regulator in kiwifruit","volume":"30","author":"Akagi","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Plant Cell"},{"key":"2024122005222463500_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257225","article-title":"Plant genetics. 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