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We measured photosynthesis after a single-step irradiance change and during a series of lightflecks for rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown under combinations of two CO2 levels (ambient and elevated by 200 \u03bcmol mol\u2013l) and two temperature levels (ambient and increased by 2.0 \u00b0C) by temperature by free-air CO2 enrichment systems in 2 years. The cumulative CO2 fixation (CCF) during a single-step irradiance increase and during lightflecks was linearly correlated with final steady-state photosynthesis at the high irradiance (Anf) under elevated CO2 and temperature in both years. Across developmental stages, responses of CCF during a single-step irradiance increase and during lightflecks to elevated growth CO2, to elevated growth temperature, to elevated measurement CO2, and to elevated measurement temperature were all in the same magnitude as responses of Anf to these variables. Lightfleck utilization efficiency (LfUE), defined as the ratio of CCF to assimilation expected from equivalent steady-state irradiance levels, showed a large variation among sequential lightflecks, and this was related to the variation of stomatal conductance (gs) among the sequential lightflecks. Thus, steady-state photosynthesis models may not result in critical errors in predicting the effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on dynamic photosynthesis provided that gs in responses to fluctuating irradiance can be quantified reliably.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraf179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T01:55:42Z","timestamp":1746410142000},"page":"5419-5437","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrated photosynthesis during fluctuating irradiance is correlated with steady-state photosynthesis for rice grown in field environments with elevated CO2 and temperature"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9639-2023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuang","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 211135 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