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While the impact of wall thickness (Tcw) on gm is well understood, the influence of wall composition and structural interactions on Tcw and gm remains unclear, and it is unknown whether these factors have been affected during crop domestication. In this study, we examined 25 wild and 13 domesticated Gossypium genotypes to investigate whether variations in Tcw, composition, and structure affected gm and photosynthesis. X-ray diffraction was used to analyze internal cell wall structure. Cotton domestication reduced Tcw by modifying the pectin-to-(cellulose+hemicellulose) ratio and increasing cellulose crystallinity. However, cell wall composition and structure regulate gm differently in wild and domesticated genotypes. In wild genotypes, the pectin-to-(cellulose+hemicellulose) ratio influences CO2 diffusion, while in domesticated genotypes, the pectin matrix may be more compact, making 1\/(pectin+cellulose+hemicellulose) a better predictor, reflecting the internal property differences of the cell wall. We suggest that the exceptionally low Tcw values reported in cotton domesticated genotypes indicate that they have reached the lower limit, which may impose physical constraints on component proportions and conformation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraf441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T11:45:41Z","timestamp":1759837541000},"page":"1168-1180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Altered cell wall properties in domesticated cotton enhance CO2 diffusion conductance"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2551-9473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Agronomy, Shihezi University , Shihezi 832003 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3583-5382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhangying","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3069-175X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaume","family":"Flexas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Plant Biology Under Mediterranean Conditions, Agro-Environmental and Water Economics Institute (INAGEA), Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB) , Palma, Illes Balears 07122 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4742-003X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cuncang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University , Hubei 430070 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9530-612X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Agronomy, Shihezi University , Shihezi 832003 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0809-1819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Wenchang 571339 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1900-5798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Anyang 455000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6197-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinglang","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University , Haikou 571158 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7888-2977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wangfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Agronomy, Shihezi University , Shihezi 832003 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0153-2602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Carriqu\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Plant Biology Under Mediterranean Conditions, Agro-Environmental and Water Economics Institute (INAGEA), Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB) , Palma, Illes Balears 07122 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2060-7072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yali","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Agronomy, Shihezi University , Shihezi 832003 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Implications for the determination of Rubisco enzyme kinetics and for limitations to photosynthesis in vivo","volume":"130","author":"Bernacchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Physiology"},{"key":"2026021203023116400_eraf441-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erv535","article-title":"Relating the mechanics of the primary plant cell wall to morphogenesis","volume":"67","author":"Bidhendi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"key":"2026021203023116400_eraf441-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-019-02285-4","article-title":"Stronger cellulose microfibril network structure through the expression of cellulose-binding modules in plant primary cell walls","volume":"26","author":"Butchosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"2026021203023116400_eraf441-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"uhae112","DOI":"10.1093\/hr\/uhae112","article-title":"Variation of mesophyll conductance mediated by nitrogen form is related to changes in cell wall property and chloroplast number","volume":"11","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Horticulture Research"},{"key":"2026021203023116400_eraf441-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.14806","article-title":"Cell wall composition strongly influences mesophyll conductance in gymnosperms","volume":"103","author":"Carriqu\u00ed","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Plant Journal"},{"key":"2026021203023116400_eraf441-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15675","article-title":"Anatomical constraints to nonstomatal diffusion conductance and photosynthesis in lycophytes and bryophytes","volume":"222","author":"Carriqu\u00ed","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"key":"2026021203023116400_eraf441-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-021-04210-0","article-title":"Quantifying the influence of dispersion interactions on the elastic properties of crystalline cellulose","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"2026021203023116400_eraf441-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jia.2024.11.012","article-title":"The critical role of outside xylem hydraulic conductance in regulating stomatal conductance and water use efficiency in cotton across different planting densities","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Integrative Agriculture"},{"key":"2026021203023116400_eraf441-B12","first-page":"13","article-title":"Amorphous cellulose-structure and characterization","volume":"45","author":"Ciolacu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cellulose Chemistry and Technology"},{"key":"2026021203023116400_eraf441-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.14437","article-title":"The apoplastic antioxidant system and altered cell wall dynamics influence mesophyll conductance and the rate of photosynthesis","volume":"99","author":"Clemente-Moreno","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Plant Journal"},{"key":"2026021203023116400_eraf441-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erv511","article-title":"Plant cell wall extensibility: connecting plant cell growth with cell wall structure, mechanics, and the action of wall-modifying enzymes","volume":"67","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"key":"2026021203023116400_eraf441-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17245","article-title":"Expanding wheat yields with expansin","volume":"230","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"key":"2026021203023116400_eraf441-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiac184","article-title":"Building an extensible cell wall","volume":"189","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Physiology"},{"key":"2026021203023116400_eraf441-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00691-y","article-title":"Structure and growth of plant cell walls","volume":"25","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. 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