{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T17:24:01Z","timestamp":1768238641395,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP22K05375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22K05375"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reducing arsenic levels in paddy rice is an important agricultural issue. Rice alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ADH2) deficiency results in reduced arsenic uptake from the soil. ADHs are presumed to be anaerobic metabolism enzymes. However, whether the reduced arsenic uptake is due to changes in anaerobic metabolism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate the causal relationships between them through analyses of anaerobic metabolism-related mutants. As representative anaerobic metabolism enzymes, two lactate dehydrogenases (LDHs), five pyruvate decarboxylases (PDCs), and three ADHs are found in rice. To eliminate functional redundancy, double LDH mutants, quintuple PDC mutants, and triple ADH mutants were generated via genome editing. Arsenic levels in grains were not reduced in the double LDH mutants, suggesting that defects in the lactate fermentation pathway are not responsible for the reduced arsenic uptake. On the other hand, in the quintuple PDC mutant, the arsenic levels in the grains were reduced to the same degree as those in the triple ADH mutant. The PDC and ADH mutants presented reduced silica contents, suggesting reduced uptake of arsenic via silicate transporters. These results indicate that a defect in the ethanol fermentation pathway of anaerobic metabolism triggers reduced arsenic uptake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraf442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T11:44:08Z","timestamp":1759837448000},"page":"368-378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Defects in ethanol fermentation catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylases reduce arsenic levels in rice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Shimpei","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba 305-8604 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hachidai","family":"Tanikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba 305-8604 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Kuramata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba 305-8604 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba 305-8604 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6155-3050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoru","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba 305-8604 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Image processing with ImageJ","volume":"11","author":"Abramoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biophotonics International"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1080\/00380768.2020.1807884","article-title":"Distribution dynamics of arsenic and silicon in different parts of rice grown under field conditions","volume":"66","author":"Akahane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soil Science and Plant Nutrition"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01007","article-title":"The journey of arsenic from soil to grain in rice","volume":"8","author":"Awasthi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Plant Science"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.106.041871","article-title":"A mutant of the Arabidopsis phosphate transporter PHT1;1 displays enhanced arsenic accumulation","volume":"19","author":"Catarecha","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Plant Cell"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5900","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065900","article-title":"Lactate dehydrogenase superfamily in rice and Arabidopsis: understanding the molecular evolution and structural diversity","volume":"24","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-018-0321-8","article-title":"Genome editing in plants by engineered CRISPR-Cas9 recognizing NG PAM","volume":"5","author":"Endo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Plants"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111420","article-title":"Dietary exposure to total and inorganic arsenic via rice and rice-based products consumption","volume":"141","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food and Chemical Toxicology"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13612","article-title":"Phytochelatin synthase OsPCS1 plays a crucial role in reducing arsenic levels in rice grains","volume":"91","author":"Hayashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Plant Journal"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab086","article-title":"Deficiency in alcohol dehydrogenase 2 reduces arsenic in rice grains by suppressing silicate transporters","volume":"186","author":"Hayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiology"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/00380768.2016.1144452","article-title":"Low-cadmium rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar can simultaneously reduce arsenic and cadmium concentrations in rice grains","volume":"62","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Science and Plant Nutrition"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03562-4","article-title":"Diversity and transcription of genes involved in respiratory As(V) reduction and As(III) methylation in Japanese paddy soils","volume":"24","author":"Ito","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Microbiology"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.19015","article-title":"Fermentation-mediated growth, signaling, and defense in plants","volume":"239","author":"Jardine","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2016.06.005","article-title":"Plant responses to flooding stress","volume":"33","author":"Loreti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Plant Biology"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04590","article-title":"A silicon transporter in rice","volume":"440","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05964","article-title":"An efflux transporter of silicon in rice","volume":"448","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9931","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802361105","article-title":"Transporters of arsenite in rice and their role in arsenic accumulation in rice grain","volume":"105","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcn121","article-title":"Rice germination and seedling growth in the absence of oxygen","volume":"103","author":"Magneschi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of Botany"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/00380768.2016.1203731","article-title":"Simultaneous decrease of arsenic and cadmium in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants cultivated under submerged field conditions by the application of iron-bearing materials","volume":"62","author":"Makino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Science and Plant Nutrition"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-013-9947-8","article-title":"Inorganic arsenic in the Japanese diet: daily intake and source","volume":"66","author":"Oguri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-020-02343-1","article-title":"Dynamics of gene expression associated with arsenic uptake and transport in rice during the whole growth period","volume":"20","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biology"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2015.10.011","article-title":"Release of As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Sr under pre-definite redox conditions in different rice paddy soils originating from the U.S.A. and Asia","volume":"270","author":"Rinklebe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1270\/jsbbs.56.69","article-title":"A point mutation of Adh1 gene is involved in the repression of coleoptile elongation under submergence in rice","volume":"56","author":"Saika","year":"2006","journal-title":"Breeding Science"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/00380768.2021.1955602","article-title":"Amelioration in manganese uptake by a low-cadmium rice cultivar with application of several manganese fertilizers","volume":"67","author":"Suda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Science and Plant Nutrition"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00160465","article-title":"Progressive sequence alignment and molecular evolution of the Zn-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family","volume":"34","author":"Sun","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Evolution"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B25","article-title":"Method of measurement of available silicate in paddy field","volume":"57","author":"Takahashi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1021\/es034383n","article-title":"Arsenic behavior in paddy fields during the cycle of flooded and non-flooded periods","volume":"38","author":"Takahashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7652.2006.00199.x","article-title":"High accumulation of bioactive peptide in transgenic rice seeds by expression of introduced multiple genes","volume":"4","author":"Wakasa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnology Journal"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B28","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026011209060544600_eraf442-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.02.044","article-title":"Arsenic release from flooded paddy soils is influenced by speciation, Eh, pH, and iron dissolution","volume":"83","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Botany"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jxb\/eraf442\/64545318\/eraf442.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article-pdf\/77\/2\/368\/64545318\/eraf442.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article-pdf\/77\/2\/368\/64545318\/eraf442.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T14:06:18Z","timestamp":1768226778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article\/77\/2\/368\/8277445"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Karl-Josef","family":"Dietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bielefeld University ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jxb\/eraf442","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0957","1460-2431"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0957","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2431","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]}}}