{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T08:08:04Z","timestamp":1785312484497,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001869","name":"Academia Sinica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AS-110-ITAR-L05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AS-110-ITAR-L05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vitamin B1 is a vital co-factor in cellular metabolism, but it must be obtained through the diet in humans. Polished (white) rice, a dietary staple for much of the global population, contains very low levels of vitamin B1, and this contributes to widespread thiamin deficiency in regions that rely heavily on rice. To address this issue, we engineered rice to express the Saccharomyces cerevisiae thiamin transporter gene THI7 under the control of the rice endosperm-specific GLUTELIN1 (GT1) promoter. In transgenic lines with moderate-to-high THI7 expression, we found significantly increased thiamin levels by up to 24% in unpolished and 26% in polished seeds. This increase was specific to free thiamin, with no change in thiamin monophosphate or thiamin diphosphate, consistent with the known transporter activity of THI7. Importantly, the transgenic plants displayed normal phenotypes under field conditions. Our findings demonstrate that endosperm-targeted expression of a heterologous thiamin transporter is an effective strategy for enhancing vitamin B1 content in rice grains, offering a new approach for biofortification that complements metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erag148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T10:25:45Z","timestamp":1774088745000},"page":"4449-4458","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endosperm-specific expression of a yeast thiamin transporter enhances vitamin B1 content in white rice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3002-8757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting-Chieh","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3398-2886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei-Yi","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8917-7333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Hsin","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Ju","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2086-200X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Shan","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Genetics Resources and Biotechnology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute , Taichung 413008 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2703-9979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Hsiun","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University , Taichung 40227 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, National Central University , Taoyuan 32001 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11103-007-9205-4","article-title":"Thiamin pyrophosphokinase is required for thiamin cofactor activation in Arabidopsis","volume":"65","author":"Ajjawi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2006.11.011","article-title":"Determination of the genetic, molecular, and biochemical basis of the Arabidopsis thaliana thiamin auxotroph th1","volume":"459","author":"Ajjawi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10503","article-title":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae THI4p is a suicide thiamine thiazole synthase","volume":"478","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.16563","article-title":"Ectopic expression of a bacterial thiamin monophosphate kinase enhances vitamin B1 biosynthesis in plants","volume":"117","author":"Chung","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Plant Journal"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313x.1998.00343.x","article-title":"Floral dip: a simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"16","author":"Clough","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Plant Journal"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00019304","article-title":"Activity of a maize ubiquitin promoter in transgenic rice","volume":"23","author":"Cornejo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plant Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcv148","article-title":"Enhancement of thiamin content in Arabidopsis thaliana by metabolic engineering","volume":"56","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant & Cell Physiology"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00616","article-title":"Overexpression of thiamin biosynthesis genes in rice increases leaf and unpolished grain thiamin content but not resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae","volume":"7","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Plant Science"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-020-02424-w","article-title":"Two-step method for isolation of high-quality RNA from stored seeds of maize rich in starch","volume":"10","author":"Dutta","year":"2020","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19165","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.31.19165","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a thiamin transport gene, THI10, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"272","author":"Enjo","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12002","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV120.010918","article-title":"The importance of thiamine (vitamin B1) in plant health: from crop yield to biofortification","volume":"295","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.14348","article-title":"Vitamin B1 enhancement in the endosperm of rice through thiamine sequestration","volume":"22","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnology Journal"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2018.01.019","article-title":"Redesigning thiamin synthesis: prospects and potential payoffs","volume":"273","author":"Hanson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Science"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.46","article-title":"Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rice using immature embryos or calli induced from mature seed","volume":"3","author":"Hiei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Protocols"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.114.243642","article-title":"Functional evidence for the critical amino-terminal conserved domain and key amino acids of Arabidopsis 4-HYDROXY-3-METHYLBUT-2-ENYL DIPHOSPHATE REDUCTASE","volume":"166","author":"Hsieh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Physiology"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13552","article-title":"The Arabidopsis thiamin-deficient mutant pale green1 lacks thiamin monophosphate phosphatase of the vitamin B1 biosynthesis pathway","volume":"91","author":"Hsieh","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Plant Journal"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.15895","article-title":"THIAMIN REQUIRING2 is involved in thiamin diphosphate biosynthesis and homeostasis","volume":"111","author":"Hsieh","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Plant Journal"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.151.2.708-717.1982","article-title":"thiK and thiL loci of Escherichia coli","volume":"151","author":"Imamura","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2014.05.006","article-title":"Diversity of membrane transport proteins for vitamins in bacteria and archaea","volume":"1850","author":"Jaehme","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/0260106019830847","article-title":"Thiamin deficiency in low- and middle-income countries: disorders, prevalences, previous interventions and current recommendations","volume":"25","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition and Health"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.12944\/CRNFSJ.9.2.31","article-title":"Effect of different processing methods on the nutritional value of rice","volume":"9","author":"Kalita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-11080-2","article-title":"Thiamine: a key nutrient for yeasts during wine alcoholic fermentation","volume":"105","author":"Labuschagne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10924","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55359-8","article-title":"Substrate transport and drug interaction of human thiamine transporters SLC19A2\/A3","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-016-0837-x","article-title":"Development of high-lysine rice via endosperm-specific expression of a foreign LYSINE RICH PROTEIN gene","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biology"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1021\/bi401618y","article-title":"Thiamin function, metabolism, uptake, and transport","volume":"53","author":"Manzetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.16.00600","article-title":"Arabidopsis TH2 encodes the orphan enzyme thiamin monophosphate phosphatase","volume":"28","author":"Mimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Plant Cell"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-006-0130-z","article-title":"Pdc2 coordinates expression of the THI regulon in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"276","author":"Mojzita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Molecular Genetics and Genomics"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12540","article-title":"An overview of global rice production, supply, trade, and consumption","volume":"1324","author":"Muthayya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1263\/jbb.104.34","article-title":"Development of series of gateway binary vectors, pGWBs, for realizing efficient construction of fusion genes for plant transformation","volume":"104","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.3461","article-title":"Vitamin requirements and biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"37","author":"Perli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yeast"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern110","article-title":"Expression pattern and activity of six glutelin gene promoters in transgenic rice","volume":"59","author":"Qu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20070677","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the thi3 gene involved in thiamine biosynthesis in Zea mays: cDNA sequence and enzymatic and structural properties of the recombinant bifunctional protein with 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine (phosphate) kinase and thiamine monophosphate synthase activities","volume":"408","author":"Rapala-Kozik","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19637","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709597104","article-title":"Vitamin B1 biosynthesis in plants requires the essential iron\u2013sulfur cluster protein, THIC","volume":"104","author":"Raschke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02925847","article-title":"The irreversibility of thiamin transport in Saccharornyces cerevisiae","volume":"33","author":"Ruml","year":"1988","journal-title":"Folia Microbiologica"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3000512","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000512","article-title":"Yeast \u03b1-arrestin Art2 is the key regulator of ubiquitylation-dependent endocytosis of plasma membrane vitamin B1 transporters","volume":"17","author":"Savocco","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(97)00354-5","article-title":"Identification and characterization of the thiamine transporter gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"199","author":"Singleton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00443","article-title":"Toward eradication of B-vitamin deficiencies: considerations for crop biofortification","volume":"9","author":"Strobbe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Plant Science"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.13545","article-title":"Metabolic engineering of rice endosperm towards higher vitamin B1 accumulation","volume":"19","author":"Strobbe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnology Journal"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab198","article-title":"Metabolic engineering provides insight into the regulation of thiamin biosynthesis in plants","volume":"186","author":"Strobbe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiology"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11103-013-0069-5","article-title":"Differential regulation of Arabidopsis plastid gene expression and RNA editing in non-photosynthetic tissues","volume":"82","author":"Tseng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7379","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M708275200","article-title":"Characterization of Thi9, a novel thiamine (vitamin B1) transporter from Schizosaccharomyces pombe","volume":"283","author":"Vogl","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8946","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.15.8946","article-title":"ThiBPQ encodes an ABC transporter required for transport of thiamine and thiamine pyrophosphate in Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"273","author":"Webb","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13919","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency disorders: diagnosis, prevalence, and a roadmap for global control programs","volume":"1430","author":"Whitfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B44","volume-title":"Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition","author":"WHO","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026072903370575900_erag148-B45","volume-title":"Laboratory manual for physiological studies of rice","author":"Yoshida","year":"1976"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Botany"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jxb\/erag148\/67459524\/erag148.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article-pdf\/77\/14\/4449\/67459524\/erag148.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article-pdf\/77\/14\/4449\/67459524\/erag148.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T07:37:37Z","timestamp":1785310657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article\/77\/14\/4449\/8533979"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"James","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jxb\/erag148","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0957","1460-2431"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0957","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2431","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]}}}