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Whether a similar response occurs in stems and contributes to frost tolerance remains unknown. We evaluated stem CO2 efflux (Es) and cold acclimation in dormant Quercus robur trees in a climate chamber with day\/night air temperatures progressively decreasing week-by-week from 20\/10 \u00b0C to 5\/\u221210 \u00b0C and then progressively increasing back to 20\/10 \u00b0C over 9 weeks. Cold hardening was evidenced by lower cell damage at sub-freezing temperatures compared with trees kept in a greenhouse at 21.5\/18.5 \u00b0C. A hysteresis between Es and stem temperature (Ts) showed a time lag between Es and metabolic activity during chilling and sub-freezing weeks. Stem CO2 efflux was strongly related to Ts down to \u221210 \u00b0C. At a standardized Ts of 5 \u00b0C, Es decreased quickly in response to decreases in temperature, suggesting a rapid down-regulation of respiratory metabolism to enhance cryoprotection. Accordingly, soluble sugar concentrations increased with decreasing Ts. However, upon subsequent warming from sub-freezing temperatures, stems continued dehydrating and did not recover previous respiration rates, suggesting freeze\u2013thaw embolism and cell damage reduced the apparent \u2018respiratory capacity\u2019 of the stem. Moderate frost tolerance in the cold-hardened plants appeared to depend on stem dehydration and soluble-sugar accumulation, not increased stem metabolic activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erag206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T11:31:59Z","timestamp":1777289519000},"page":"5153-5167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of stem respiration in cold-acclimation of winter-dormant\n                    <i>Quercus robur<\/i>\n                    trees under large air temperature fluctuations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7408-7653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Calcerrada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n \u2018Functioning of Forest Systems in a Changing Environment\u2019 (FORESCENT), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid , Madrid 28040 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro para la Conservaci\u00f3n de la Biodiversidad y el Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid , Madrid 28040 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2674-1731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto L","family":"Salom\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n \u2018Functioning of Forest Systems in a Changing Environment\u2019 (FORESCENT), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid , Madrid 28040 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro para la Conservaci\u00f3n de la Biodiversidad y el Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid , Madrid 28040 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Ghent 9000 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Sobrino-Plata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n \u2018Functioning of Forest Systems in a Changing Environment\u2019 (FORESCENT), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid , Madrid 28040 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Fisiolog\u00eda y Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid 28040 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6252-0704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathy","family":"Steppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Ghent 9000 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