{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:15:38Z","timestamp":1788221738657,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31470329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31470329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Project of Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China","award":["ZSK2018005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZSK2018005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>GIGANTEA (GI) has emerged as a context-dependent regulatory hub that translates circadian timing into developmental and stress-responsive outputs. Although first characterized for its role in photoperiodic flowering, GI is now recognized as a multifunctional scaffold that integrates light cues, metabolic status, hormone signaling, proteostasis, and chromatin regulation. Here, we synthesize recent mechanistic and conceptual advances to show how GI-centered networks operate across molecular, physiological, and systems levels. We first examine the structural and biochemical features that enable GI to function as a versatile interaction platform, together with the dynamic regulation of its abundance, localization, and stability. We then discuss how GI integrates light and metabolic inputs into the circadian system to gate photoperiodic flowering and seasonal development. Beyond flowering, GI coordinates abiotic stress responses\u2014including drought, salinity, and low temperature\u2014through phase-gated signaling, partner switching, and stress-associated chromatin reprogramming. We further highlight epigenetic and post-translational mechanisms that fine-tune GI activity and compare recurrently conserved temporal features with lineage-specific downstream outputs across major crops. Together, these studies support a systems-level view in which GI acts as a regulatory allocation hub that distributes signaling capacity among competing pathways, thereby mediating growth\u2013stress trade-offs and seasonal adaptation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erag229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T12:13:57Z","timestamp":1778674437000},"page":"4956-4964","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GIGANTEA as a central integrator of circadian timing, stress physiology, and developmental trade-offs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Zhengyang","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Life Science, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Tobacco Shaanxi Hanzhong Branch , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liting","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Life Science, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Life Science, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiting","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Life Science, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Life Science, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaojuan","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Life Science, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9609-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuwei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Life Science, Northwest University , Xi'an ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180056","DOI":"10.1080\/15592324.2023.2180056","article-title":"GIGANTEA\u2013ENHANCED EM LEVEL complex initiates drought escape response via dual function of ABA synthesis and flowering promotion","volume":"18","author":"Bader","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Signaling & Behavior"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.20.00779","article-title":"The GIGANTEA\u2013ENHANCED EM LEVEL complex enhances drought tolerance via regulation of abscisic acid synthesis","volume":"184","author":"Baek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Physiology"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2014.11.023","article-title":"Flowering time regulation in crops\u2014what did we learn from Arabidopsis?","volume":"32","author":"Bl\u00fcmel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Biotechnology"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-016-0014-9","article-title":"GIGANTEA is a co-chaperone which facilitates maturation of ZEITLUPE in the Arabidopsis circadian clock","volume":"8","author":"Cha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2207275119","article-title":"The Na+\/H+ antiporter SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 1 regulates salt compensation of circadian rhythms by stabilizing GIGANTEA in Arabidopsis","volume":"119","author":"Cha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5104","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015452108","article-title":"The circadian oscillator gene GIGANTEA mediates a long-term response of the Arabidopsis thaliana circadian clock to sucrose","volume":"108","author":"Dalchau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.13332","article-title":"Agronomical selection on loss-of-function of GIGANTEA simultaneously facilitates soybean salt tolerance and early maturity","volume":"64","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Integrative Plant Biology"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4679","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.17.4679","article-title":"GIGANTEA: a circadian clock-controlled gene that regulates photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis and encodes a protein with several possible membrane-spanning domains","volume":"18","author":"Fowler","year":"1999","journal-title":"The EMBO Journal"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2012.04909.x","article-title":"Potato CONSTANS is involved in photoperiodic tuberization in a graft-transmissible manner","volume":"70","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Schain","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Plant Journal"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12603","article-title":"Photosynthetic entrainment of the Arabidopsis thaliana circadian clock","volume":"502","author":"Haydon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7668","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab371","article-title":"From crops to shops: how agriculture can use circadian clocks","volume":"72","author":"Hotta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.111.083238","article-title":"Os-GIGANTEA confers robust diurnal rhythms on the global transcriptome of rice in the field","volume":"23","author":"Izawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Plant Cell"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.14946","article-title":"The E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1 regulates salt tolerance via GIGANTEA degradation in roots","volume":"47","author":"Ji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant, Cell & Environment"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2025.109801","article-title":"GIGANTEA functions as a co-repressor of cold stress response with a histone-modifying complex","volume":"223","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06132","article-title":"ZEITLUPE is a circadian photoreceptor stabilized by GIGANTEA in blue light","volume":"449","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2357","article-title":"Release of SOS2 kinase from sequestration with GIGANTEA determines salt tolerance in Arabidopsis","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110700","article-title":"Structural analysis of the regulation of blue-light receptors by GIGANTEA","volume":"39","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.18.00721","article-title":"HOS15 interacts with the histone deacetylase HDA9 and the Evening Complex to epigenetically regulate the floral activator GIGANTEA","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Plant Cell"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.113.217729","article-title":"GIGANTEA enables drought escape response via abscisic acid-dependent activation of the florigens and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1","volume":"162","author":"Riboni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Physiology"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a027748","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a027748","article-title":"The plant circadian clock: from a simple timekeeper to a complex developmental manager","volume":"8","author":"Sanchez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1146994","article-title":"FKF1 and GIGANTEA complex formation is required for day-length measurement in Arabidopsis","volume":"318","author":"Sawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11698","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1106771108","article-title":"GIGANTEA directly activates Flowering Locus T in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"108","author":"Sawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.113.119842","article-title":"Multiple layers of posttranslational regulation refine circadian clock activity in Arabidopsis","volume":"26","author":"Seo","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Plant Cell"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4492","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.15447","article-title":"GIGANTEA is required for robust circadian rhythms in wheat","volume":"48","author":"Taylor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant, Cell & Environment"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.110.125062","article-title":"A map-based cloning strategy employing a residual heterozygous line reveals that the GIGANTEA gene is involved in soybean maturity and flowering","volume":"188","author":"Watanabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/plcell\/koaf199","article-title":"The blue light receptor ZmFKF1a recruits ZmGI1 to the nucleus to accelerate shoot apex development and flowering in maize","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Plant Cell"},{"key":"2026083119514567000_erag229-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2008.09.026","article-title":"COP1 and ELF3 control circadian function and photoperiodic flowering by regulating GI stability","volume":"32","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecular Cell"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Botany"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jxb\/erag229\/68284275\/erag229.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article-pdf\/77\/16\/4956\/68284275\/erag229.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article-pdf\/77\/16\/4956\/68284275\/erag229.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:52:11Z","timestamp":1788220331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article\/77\/16\/4956\/8677994"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Matt","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jxb\/erag229","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0957","1460-2431"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0957","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2431","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]}}}