{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:59:28Z","timestamp":1790189968161,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders","award":["1189422N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1189422N"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders","award":["1SE351N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1SE351N"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders","award":["S003421N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S003421N"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Continuous X-ray computed tomography (XCT) combined with digital volume correlation (DVC) is presented to quantify internal three-dimensional strain and failure dynamics in apple cortex tissue during compression, revealing how the cellular microstructure governs its mechanical response. We introduce a dimensionless number Mi that is a function of the average interfacial contact area of cells, cell wall thickness, the average cell volume, and tissue porosity, to describe tissue microstructure over different development stages. Mechanical softening during maturation aligned strongly with decreasing Mi, linking microstructure to effective Young\u2019s modulus, peak stress, and toughness. DVC revealed distinctive strain distribution signatures: in young, low-porosity tissue, strain was initially diffuse with early-onset localization indicating progressive failure, whereas mature, high-porosity tissue exhibited sharply peaked strain distributions and highly localized fracture planes indicative of brittle collapse. These findings demonstrate how pore evolution, anisotropy, and cell packing jointly determine macroscopic deformation, establishing XCT\u2013DVC as a powerful framework for connecting plant tissue architecture to mechanical function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erag405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T08:24:43Z","timestamp":1786955083000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>In situ<\/i>\n                    visualization of the micromechanical deformation of apple tissue using 4D X-ray computed tomography with digital volume correlation"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Hans","family":"Van Cauteren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven , Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven 3001 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Dequeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven , Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven 3001 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexxandra","family":"Ty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven , Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven 3001 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Ongenae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven , Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven 3001 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leen","family":"Van Doorselaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven , Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven 3001 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Soete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Leuven 3001 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9542-8285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter","family":"Verboven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven , Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven 3001 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8753-781X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart","family":"Smeets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven , Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven 3001 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5267-1920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart M","family":"Nicolai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven , Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven 3001 ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology , Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven 3001 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092314015133500_erag405-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.012","article-title":"Micromechanical behaviour of apple tissue in tensile and compression tests: storage conditions and cultivar effect","volume":"86","author":"Alamar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Food Engineering"},{"key":"2026092314015133500_erag405-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-024-03491-0","article-title":"Relationship of cell size distribution and biomechanics of strawberry fruit under varying Ca and N supply","volume":"18","author":"An","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food and Bioprocess Technology"},{"key":"2026092314015133500_erag405-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-018-0390-7","article-title":"Digital volume correlation: review of progress and challenges","volume":"58","author":"Buljac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Experimental Mechanics"},{"key":"2026092314015133500_erag405-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18064","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43439-6","article-title":"Establishment of the microstructure of porous materials and its relationship with effective mechanical properties","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2026092314015133500_erag405-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade8055","article-title":"The mechanics of plant morphogenesis","volume":"379","author":"Coen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026092314015133500_erag405-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00691-y","article-title":"Structure and growth of plant cell walls","volume":"25","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. 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