{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:52:07Z","timestamp":1791287527788,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"ANID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ICN2021_044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICN2021_044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010751","name":"FONDECYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3240084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3240084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010751","name":"FONDECYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1260283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1260283"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Avocado mesocarp is a unique non-seed tissue capable of accumulating high levels of oil, yet the metabolic regulation underlying this process during fruit development remains poorly understood. Using integrated metabolomic and proteomic analyses, we investigated how central carbon metabolism is coordinated during fatty acid biosynthesis in two avocado cultivars with contrasting oil accumulation patterns, \u2018Hass\u2019 and \u2018Fuerte\u2019. Fatty acid profiling revealed cultivar-dependent differences in timing and rate of lipid accumulation, with \u2018Fuerte\u2019 exhibiting earlier fatty acid biosynthesis and \u2018Hass\u2019 showing a delayed but prolonged accumulation phase. Metabolite profiling indicated a developmental shift in carbon partitioning, characterized by declining soluble sugars and polyols, alongside increasing organic acids and amino acids. Proteomic analyses revealed extensive reprogramming of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, closely associated with the induction of fatty acid biosynthetic enzymes. Integration of protein abundance with fatty acid content using partial least squares regression analysis identified acetyl-CoA carboxylase, \u03b2-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthase, and stearoyl-ACP desaturase as key metabolic steps linking carbon sources to lipid accumulation. Pathway reconstructions further highlighted cultivar-specific temporal strategies coordinating carbon metabolism with triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Together, these findings demonstrate that oil accumulation in avocado mesocarp is driven by a tightly regulated developmental reprogramming of carbon metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erag423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:45:42Z","timestamp":1787921142000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reprogramming of carbon metabolism drives fatty acid biosynthesis during avocado mesocarp development"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8152-8381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricio","family":"Olmedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Agronom\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Agron\u00f3micas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso , Quillota 2260000 ,","place":["Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5057-3438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Excequel","family":"Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Agronom\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Agron\u00f3micas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso , Quillota 2260000 ,","place":["Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0356-0281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacia","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Producci\u00f3n Vegetal, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n , Concepci\u00f3n 4070409 ,","place":["Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8856-4676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alegr\u00eda","family":"Carrasco-Pancorbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada , Granada 18071 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7389-6405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastien","family":"Carpentier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven , Leuven B-3001 ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Bioversity International, Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture , Leuven B-3001 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9927-2919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romina","family":"Pedreschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Agronom\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Agron\u00f3micas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso , Quillota 2260000 ,","place":["Chile"]},{"name":"Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG) , Santiago 8320000 ,","place":["Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2008.12.006","article-title":"Regulation of de novo fatty acid synthesis in maturing oilseeds of Arabidopsis","volume":"47","author":"Baud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry: PPB"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcy057","article-title":"Putting primary metabolism into perspective to obtain better fruits","volume":"122","author":"Beauvoit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of Botany"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1056582","article-title":"Acyl-CoA-dependent and acyl-CoA-independent avocado acyltransferases positively influence oleic acid content in nonseed triacylglycerols","volume":"13","author":"Behera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Plant Science"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.2012.11512880","article-title":"Changes in sugars, total protein, and oil in \u2018Hass\u2019 avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit during ripening","volume":"87","author":"Blakey","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2014.02.015","article-title":"Improving the identification rate of data independent label-free quantitative proteomics experiments on non-model crops: a case study on apple fruit","volume":"105","author":"Buts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Proteomics"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.4081\/pb.2011.e10","article-title":"Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols (tags) in plants and algae","volume":"2","author":"Cagliari","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Plant Biology"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.14474","article-title":"Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity from harvest to edible ripeness of avocado cv. Hass (Persea americana) throughout the harvest seasons","volume":"55","author":"Campos","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Food Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-016-9463-3","article-title":"Occurrence, metabolism, transport and function of seven-carbon sugars","volume":"16","author":"Cowan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochemistry Reviews: Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.556759","article-title":"Hass avocado composition and potential health effects","volume":"53","author":"Dreher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.008110","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a heteromeric ATP-citrate lyase that generates cytosolic acetyl-coenzyme A in Arabidopsis","volume":"130","author":"Fatland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Physiology"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2015.10.006","article-title":"Identification of pre-harvest factors that affect fatty acid profiles of avocado fruit (Persea americana Mill) cv. \u2018Hass\u2019 at harvest","volume":"104","author":"Ferreyra","year":"2016","journal-title":"South African Journal of Botany"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.70533","article-title":"Trehalose 6-phosphate\u2014a central regulator at the crossroads of sugar signalling, metabolism, and development","volume":"248","author":"Fichtner","year":"2025","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.16.00417","article-title":"A tale of two sugars: trehalose 6-phosphate and sucrose","volume":"172","author":"Figueroa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Physiology"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.04.029","article-title":"Colour and in vitro quality attributes of walnuts from different growing conditions correlate with key precursors of primary and secondary metabolism","volume":"232","author":"Fuentealba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-1","article-title":"Avocado consumption is associated with better diet quality and nutrient intake, and lower metabolic syndrome risk in US adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001\u20132008","volume":"12","author":"Fulgoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrition Journal"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2020.109717","article-title":"Molecular and biochemical analyses of avocado (Persea americana) reveal differences in the oil accumulation pattern between the mesocarp and seed during the fruit developmental period","volume":"276","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientia Horticulturae"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-011-1840-x","article-title":"Oil content and fatty acid profile of Spanish cultivars during olive fruit ripening","volume":"88","author":"G\u00f3mez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists\u2019 Society"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1775-y","article-title":"Deep sequencing of the Mexican avocado transcriptome, an ancient angiosperm with a high content of fatty acids","volume":"16","author":"Ibarra-Laclette","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-015-0586-2","article-title":"Oil biosynthesis in a basal angiosperm: transcriptome analysis of Persea Americana mesocarp","volume":"15","author":"Kilaru","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biology"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.124.6.676","article-title":"`Hass\u2019 avocado carbohydrate fluctuations. II. Fruit growth and ripening","volume":"124","author":"Liu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.127.1.108","article-title":"Postulated physiological roles of the seven-carbon sugars, mannoheptulose, and perseitol in avocado","volume":"127","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/f12121773","article-title":"Integrated analysis of fatty acid metabolism and transcriptome involved in olive fruit development to improve oil composition","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15707","article-title":"Arabidopsis acyl-CoA-binding proteins regulate the synthesis of lipid signals","volume":"223","author":"Lung","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2024.113163","article-title":"Deciphering the behind blackspot exocarp disorder in avocado cv. Hass through a hormonal, transcriptional and metabolic integration approach","volume":"218","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Lillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Postharvest Biology and Technology"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015360","article-title":"Proteomic and low-polar metabolite profiling reveal unique dynamics in fatty acid metabolism during flower and berry development of table grapes","volume":"24","author":"Olmedo","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12040766","article-title":"Metabolite profiling reveals the effect of cold storage on primary metabolism in nectarine varieties with contrasting mealiness","volume":"12","author":"Olmedo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.104454","article-title":"Metabolite profiling and hormone analysis of the synchronized exocarp-mesocarp development during ripening of cv. \u2018Fuerte\u2019 and \u2018Hass\u2019 avocado fruits","volume":"60","author":"Olmedo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Bioscience"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2003.08.012","article-title":"Changes in dry matter, oil content and fatty acids composition of avocado during harvesting time and post-harvesting ripening period","volume":"86","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00795","article-title":"Primary metabolism in avocado fruit","volume":"10","author":"Pedreschi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Plant Science"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.47.1.185","article-title":"The organization and regulation of plant glycolysis","volume":"47","author":"Plaxton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022421515027","article-title":"The Calvin cycle revisited","volume":"75","author":"Raines","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photosynthesis Research"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2012.665669","article-title":"Fatty acid profile and elemental content of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) oil \u2013effect of extraction methods","volume":"47","author":"Reddy","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part B"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-017-1103-6","article-title":"Avocado fruit maturation and ripening: dynamics of aliphatic acetogenins and lipidomic profiles from mesocarp, idioblasts and seed","volume":"17","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biology"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011150","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis during olive fruit development and expression profiling of fatty acid desaturase genes","volume":"25","author":"Serrano","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2011.10.006","article-title":"D-mannoheptulose and perseitol in \u2018Hass\u2019 avocado: metabolism in seed and mesocarp tissue","volume":"79","author":"Tesfay","year":"2012","journal-title":"South African Journal of Botany"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1006\/mben.2001.0204","article-title":"Metabolic engineering of fatty acid biosynthesis in plants","volume":"4","author":"Thelen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metabolic Engineering"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5486-7","article-title":"De novo assembly of Persea americana cv. \u2018Hass\u2019 transcriptome during fruit development","volume":"20","author":"Vergara-Pulgar","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3900","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.71160","article-title":"PPT1-mediated plastidic phosphoenolpyruvate import enhances fatty acid biosynthesis in sugar-rich tissues","volume":"250","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9997","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07568-x","article-title":"Fatty acid desaturases (FADs) modulate multiple lipid metabolism pathways to improve plant resistance","volume":"49","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecular Biology Reports"},{"key":"2026100607062343700_erag423-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2024.108654","article-title":"Fatty acid de novo biosynthesis in plastids: key enzymes and their critical roles for male reproduction and other processes in plants","volume":"210","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry: PPB"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Botany"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jxb\/erag423\/70827889\/erag423.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jxb\/erag423\/70827889\/erag423.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:06:33Z","timestamp":1791284793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/jxb\/erag423\/8772313"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yves","family":"Gibon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRAE-Bordeaux ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jxb\/erag423","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0957","1460-2431"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0957","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2431","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"article-number":"erag423"}}