{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:56:51Z","timestamp":1790665011721,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"(UKRI)","award":["NE\/V021346\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/V021346\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Seasonal fluctuations strongly shape the physiology of long-lived trees by coordinating growth, dormancy, and stress responses. Increasing evidence points to epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation, as regulators of these processes, yet their role in long-lived trees across seasons, developmental stages, and generations remains poorly understood. We generated single-base-resolution maps of cytosine methylation to explore the epigenetic landscape of 180-year-old genetically homogeneous mature oak (Quercus robur) trees during spring, summer, and autumn, and in their progeny. Genome-wide DNA-methylation revealed a progressive increase in the CHH context (H = A, T, or C) from spring to summer and autumn, suggesting epigenetic reprogramming is happening over seasons and the growing cycle. Differentially methylated regions were concentrated in promoter regions and terminal inverted repeat transposons. The observed differentially methylated transposable elements and genes were mostly involved in leaf development and hormonal signalling. By contrast, generational differences (parents versus progeny) were most prominent in CG and CHG contexts and were concentrated in genic regions. Oaks exhibited distinct seasonal and generational DNA methylation signatures, highlighting the plasticity and developmental specificity of epigenetic regulation. These findings provide a genomic foundation for understanding how epigenetic memory contributes to phenology, developmental programming, and long-term adaptation in long-lived plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erag426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T12:13:05Z","timestamp":1788005585000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epigenomic landscape of oak (\n                    <i>Quercus robur<\/i>\n                    ) across seasons and generations"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4087-8710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Sanchez-Lucas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Chirico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack L","family":"Bosanquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annabella A B","family":"Lehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kehinde S","family":"Oyesola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8227-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A Robert","family":"MacKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT 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