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In the case of maize (Zea mays), climate change is accelerating climatic shifts within the TPE, potentially limiting future realized genetic gain. On-farm breeding approaches can play a valuable role in supporting breeding programs transitioning toward breakthrough products. Increased sampling of the TPE by moving selection into farmers\u2019 fields can overcome the challenges of climatic changes within the TPE and extensive farmer diversity, whilst providing information to refine managed environment trials designed to sample the TPE. This review highlights advances in inclusive host farmer sampling, sparse testing strategies and phenotyping to facilitate scaling of on-farm testing within breeding pipelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erag431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T10:21:18Z","timestamp":1788517278000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advancing inclusive on-farm testing approaches to facilitate maize breakthrough product development in sub-Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2735-3485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jill E","family":"Cairns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMMYT , 12.5km peg Mazowe Road, Mount Pleasant, Harare, MP163 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,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Inland Norway , Hamar, 2322 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7554-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"van Etten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Inclusion, Bioversity International , Montpellier, 34000 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8120-5125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mainassara","family":"Zaman-Allah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMMYT , 12.5km peg Mazowe Road, Mount Pleasant, Harare, MP163 ,","place":["Zimbabwe"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5107-6564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Happy","family":"Daudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMMYT , ICRAF House, United 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