{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:26:48Z","timestamp":1787009208983,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For over 60 years there has been conjecture about the identity of an Ehrlich\u2019s test positive pyrrole (Mauve Factor) reputed to be a biomarker for psychological disorders, including anxiety. We reviewed studies that attempt to identify Mauve Factor and subjected authentic standards of the 2 main candidates, kryptopyrrole and hydroxypyrrole, to the Ehrlich\u2019s reaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Modified Ehrlich\u2019s test for kryptopyrrole and hydroxypyrrole were applied to urine samples from 10 volunteers, anxious and nonanxious.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the mechanistic chemistry of Ehrlich\u2019s reaction and reactions of the 2 compounds, Mauve Factor cannot be hydroxypyrrole. Analyses of urine samples from volunteers, identified by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7 item scale (GAD-7 \u226510; n = 5) and control urine samples (GAD-7 &amp;lt;10; n = 5) using a kryptopyrrole calibration graph, show that concentrations are similar in both groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Kryptopyrrole may be the elusive Mauve Factor. Its possible origin from stercobilin via gut microbiome\u2013mediated metabolism, its link to gut-mediated neurological effects via \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, and its predicted interaction with Zn2+ and consequent impact on zinc homeostasis are discussed. The GAD-7 scale does not differentiate between state and trait anxiety and as such, the minimal difference in pyrrole levels between volunteer groups requires further study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmad086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T07:58:44Z","timestamp":1691999924000},"page":"334-340","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sixty years of conjecture over a urinary biomarker: a step closer to understanding the proposed link between anxiety and urinary pyrroles"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8464-2355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Sherwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical & Chemical Sciences"},{"name":"School of Psychology, Speech & Hearing, University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian C","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical & Chemical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2024050210560997600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171200147X","article-title":"Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"43","author":"Baxter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"2024050210560997600_CIT0002","first-page":"292","article-title":"Apparently non-indolic Ehrlich-positive substances related to mental illnesses","volume":"2","author":"Irvine","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"5221","key":"2024050210560997600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1038\/224811a0","article-title":"Identification of kryptopyrrole in human urine and its relation to psychosis","volume":"224","author":"Irvine","year":"1969","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"5278","key":"2024050210560997600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1038\/2281318a0","article-title":"Mauve Factor re-identified as 2, 4-dimethyl-3-ethylpyrrole and its sedative effect on the CNS","volume":"228","author":"Sohler","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"2024050210560997600_CIT0005","first-page":"2069","article-title":"Hydroxy-hemopyrrolenone, not kryptopyrrole, in the urine of schizophrenics and porphyrics","volume-title":"Clin Chem.","author":"Irvine","year":"1978"},{"issue":"0","key":"2024050210560997600_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(08)60196-8","article-title":"Kryptopyrrole and other monopyrroles in molecular neurobiology","volume":"16","author":"Irvine","year":"1974","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024050210560997600_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(78)90241-3","article-title":"Quantitative determination of 3-ethyl-5-hydroxy-4, 5-dimethyl-\u03943-pyrrolin-2-one in urine using gas-liquid chromatography","volume":"85","author":"Graham","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta."},{"issue":"6","key":"2024050210560997600_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0580469","article-title":"Urine concentration of 3-ethyl-5-hydroxy-4, 5-dimethyl-\u03943-pyrrolin-2-one (\u201cMauve Factor\u201d) is not causally related to schizophrenia or to acute intermittent porphyria","volume":"58","author":"Gorchein","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Colch)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2024050210560997600_CIT0009","first-page":"222","article-title":"The effect of haemodialysis on the excretion of the Mauve Factor in schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Durko","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. 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