{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T18:07:15Z","timestamp":1779905235874,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus remains a clinically significant risk in immunocompromised individuals, neonates, and transplant recipients. Despite widespread universal leukoreduction and pathogen-reduction technologies, uncertainty persists regarding residual risk and the role of CMV-seronegative blood components. This review summarizes the epidemiology, diagnostics, and prevention of transfusion-transmitted CMV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A review of the international literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and transfusion medicine databases. Studies on CMV seroprevalence, transfusion transmission, leukoreduction efficacy, CMV-seronegative donor screening, and pathogen-reduction technologies were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence among blood donors varies widely, from 30% to 40% in high-income countries to 80% to 90% in low- and middle-income countries. Universal leukoreduction to achieve residual leukocyte counts below 5\u2009\u00d7106 per unit removes more than 99.9% of leukocytes, meeting US Food and Drug Administration and Association for the Advancement of Blood &amp; Biotherapies standards. Pathogen-reduction systems, particularly amotosalen\/ultraviolet A light and riboflavin\/ultraviolet light, provide multilog viral inactivation and are recognized as effective CMV-mitigation strategies, although theoretical residual risk from window-period or reactivated donors persists.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transfusion-transmitted CMV is an exceptional event in the era of universal leukoreduction. Pathogen-reduction technologies represent the next evolutionary step toward a CMV-safe blood supply. Continued surveillance and cost-effectiveness studies are essential, particularly in high-prevalence, resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmag031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T11:31:03Z","timestamp":1777980663000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus infection in the era of universal leukoreduction and pathogen inactivation: a contemporary review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1456-8464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poobalan","family":"Kirupanantha Rajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research , Chennai,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoganraj","family":"Selvaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Stanley Medical College and Hospital , Chennai,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilavarasan","family":"Kirupanantha Rajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanley Medical College and Hospital , Chennai,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052713370312300_lmag031-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2034","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2034","article-title":"Estimation of the worldwide seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Zuhair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"2026052713370312300_lmag031-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29525","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29525","article-title":"Estimated cytomegalovirus seroprevalence in the general population of the United States and Canada","volume":"96","author":"Dana Flanders","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2026052713370312300_lmag031-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.535","article-title":"Review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection","volume":"17","author":"Kenneson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"2026052713370312300_lmag031-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-012-0232-7","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus (CMV) seroprevalence in pregnant women, bone marrow donors and adolescents in Germany, 1996-2010","volume":"201","author":"Enders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2026052713370312300_lmag031-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00062-12","article-title":"The \u201csilent\u201d global burden of congenital cytomegalovirus","volume":"26","author":"Manicklal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026052713370312300_lmag031-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1086\/652438","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence in the United States: the national health and nutrition examination surveys, 1988-2004","volume":"50","author":"Bate","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026052713370312300_lmag031-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piu069","article-title":"Mother-to-child transmission of cytomegalovirus and prevention of congenital infection","volume":"3(suppl 1)","author":"Pass","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"2026052713370312300_lmag031-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.1360","article-title":"Blood transfusion and breast milk transmission of cytomegalovirus in very low birth weight infants","volume":"168","author":"Josephson","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2026052713370312300_lmag031-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3318-z","article-title":"CMV on surfaces in homes with young children: results of PCR and viral culture testing","volume":"18","author":"Amin","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026052713370312300_lmag031-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01091-15","article-title":"Systematic evaluation of different nucleic acid amplification assays for cytomegalovirus detection: feasibility of blood donor screening","volume":"53","author":"Vollmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026052713370312300_lmag031-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4103\/ajts.AJTS_1_19","article-title":"Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus among blood donors at a tertiary care hospital in Puducherry, India. 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