{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:06:53Z","timestamp":1792786013468,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"TALENTA Universitas Sumatera Utara","award":["2837\/UNS.1.R\/SK\/PPM\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2837\/UNS.1.R\/SK\/PPM\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01kknrc90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DNA ladders are predominantly purchased from manufacturers and tend to be more expensive than ladders created in laboratories. This study aimed to report on a practical method for preparing a 50\u2013base pair (bp) DNA ladder using human DNA as a template.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human DNA from blood was isolated by spin column. Thirteen DNA fragments were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using designed primers and quantified. Amplicons were combined in 1.5-mL tubes. Laboratory-made and commercial 50-bp DNA ladders were compared qualitatively and quantitatively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The isolated DNA purity was 1.89. The 50-bp DNA ladder obtained from human DNA exhibited good quality, with clearly visible fragments. Approximately 2 years after production, the laboratory-made DNA ladder\u2019s stability was acceptable, with a band intensity reduction of 5.45\u2009arbitrary units compared with 5.58\u2009arbitrary units observed in the commercial ladder. This protocol required only $20 in materials to produce a 50-bp DNA ladder for 100 runs, making it 4 to 15 times more economical than commercial products.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The laboratory-made DNA ladder is a useful standard in molecular research and has the potential to help health care professionals save both time and financial resources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmag062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T11:34:24Z","timestamp":1787052864000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A 50\u2013base pair DNA ladder from human DNA as a cost-effective molecular marker for health care researchers in low-resource laboratory settings"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7960-4896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Putri Chalya","family":"Firjatu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara , Medan,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8773-807X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zulham","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara , Medan,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2670-0614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Ilmam","family":"Bariqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara , Medan,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6055-5031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bayu Harly","family":"Putra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara , Medan,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7570-3656","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Nurhazlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara , Medan,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.153894","article-title":"Easy method for production of a home-made DNA ladder in every laboratory","volume":"4","author":"Abbasian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B2","first-page":"66","article-title":"In-house production method for DNA ladders to determine nucleotide fragment sizes up to1500 base pairs","volume":"3","author":"Tengis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J New Technol Res"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.35248\/2153-0645.23.14.047","article-title":"Homemade 100 pair base DNA ladder based on bacterial plasmid pMAL-C2X","volume":"14","author":"Badreh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pharmacogenomics Pharmacoproteomics"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-022-01483-x","article-title":"Homemade plasmid Miniprep solutions for affordable research in low-fund laboratories","volume":"12","author":"Elnagar","year":"2022","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B5","first-page":"45","article-title":"\u201cIn-house\u201d production of DNA size marker from a vaccinal Bacillus anthracis strain","volume":"7","author":"Sekhavati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02693-1","article-title":"The pPSU plasmids for generating DNA molecular weight markers","volume":"7","author":"Henrici","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0160509","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160509","article-title":"The Miraprep: a protocol that uses a Miniprep kit and provides Maxiprep yields","volume":"11","author":"Pronobis","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.54384\/eruditio.v1i2.75","article-title":"Analysis of purity and concentration of isolated DNA in making raw DNA of rat species","volume":"1","author":"Sophian","year":"2021","journal-title":"ERUDITIO Indonesian J Food Drugs Saf"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201900017","article-title":"A new set of DIP-SNP markers for detection of unbalanced and degraded DNA mixtures","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2014.03.003","article-title":"ES-62, a therapeutic anti-inflammatory agent evolved by the filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae","volume":"194","author":"Pineda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R18","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-2-r18","article-title":"Analyzing and minimizing PCR amplification bias in Illumina sequencing libraries","volume":"12","author":"Aird","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa125","article-title":"The digital MIQE guidelines update: minimum information for publication of quantitative digital PCR experiments for 2020","volume":"66","author":"Whale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1051\/ijmqe\/2020014","article-title":"Reliability of real-time RT-PCR tests to detect SARS-Cov-2: a literature review","volume":"11","author":"Bezier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Metrol Qual Eng"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393","article-title":"A global reference for human genetic variation","volume":"526","author":"Auton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/s23041999","article-title":"Uncertainty estimation for quantitative agarose gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids","volume":"23","author":"Semenov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142","article-title":"The human genome project: revealing the shared inheritance of all humankind","volume":"91","author":"Collins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14712\/fb2021067010010","article-title":"The effects of different storage conditions and repeated freeze\/thaw cycles on the concentration, purity and integrity of genomic DNA","volume":"67","author":"Safarikova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Folia Biol (Praha)"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202200391","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202200391","article-title":"DNA stability in biodosimetry, pharmacy and DNA based data-storage: optimal storage and handling conditions","volume":"23","author":"Cordsmeier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2011.77","article-title":"Supercoiled minivector DNA resists shear forces associated with gene therapy delivery","volume":"19","author":"Catanese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"2026092517461890400_lmag062-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10692","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10692","article-title":"Assessing the impact of long-term storage on the quality and integrity of biological specimens in a reproductive biobank","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioeng Transl Med"}],"container-title":["Laboratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/labmed\/article-pdf\/57\/5\/lmag062\/71398889\/lmag062.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/labmed\/article-pdf\/57\/5\/lmag062\/71398889\/lmag062.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:46:29Z","timestamp":1790372789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/labmed\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/labmed\/lmag062\/8836172"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/labmed\/lmag062","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-5027","1943-7730"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-5027","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-7730","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"article-number":"lmag062"}}