{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T08:03:19Z","timestamp":1792569799013,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>While body decompensation is mainly facilitated by bacteria, investigating the antimicrobial properties of body preservation methods is still a neglected research area. We performed microbiological sampling for potentially pathogenic bacteria species of brain, lung, liver, colon, and subcutis samples obtained from bodies perfused with embalming solutions of variable composition with emphasis on variable formaldehyde concentrations. We, thereby, identified spore-forming aerobic and anaerobic bacteria mainly in the samples obtained from the colon of ethanol- and lower-concentrated formaldehyde formulation embalmed bodies. Moreover, we could identify Enterococcus species in bodies preserved with the latter method. Tissue samples of the subcutis remained sterile. Long-term incubation of special mycobacteria growth indicator tubes revealed no growth of mycobacteria in all 60 samples analyzed. Overall, we show survival of bacterial genera known to be especially environmentally resistant but also include potentially pathogenic members. Knowledge of bactericidal capacities of embalming solutions are therefore critical to assess risk and apply appropriate disinfection routines while working with human bodies. Moreover, new formulations to reduce potentially toxic substances for embalming needs to be evaluated regarding their bactericidal capacities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/lambio\/ovac027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T13:44:44Z","timestamp":1712583884000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bacterial species-specific antimicrobial efficacies of three different body embalming solutions for anatomical studies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Marc","family":"Lindenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School , 30625 Hannover , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Buchhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School , 30625 Hannover , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Reineke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School , 30625 Hannover , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf-Peter","family":"Vonberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School , 30625 Hannover , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Schmiedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School , 30625 Hannover , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024040813410933200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2014.06.004","article-title":"Anatomists\u2019 views on human body dissection and donation: an international survey","volume":"196","author":"Arr\u00e1ez-Aybar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"key":"2024040813410933200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.124","article-title":"The gross anatomy course: an analysis of its importance","volume":"3","author":"B\u00f6ckers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"2024040813410933200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12160","article-title":"Human body preservation\u2014old and new techniques","volume":"224","author":"Brenner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"2024040813410933200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092430417","article-title":"Reducing the levels of formaldehyde exposure in gross anatomy laboratories","volume":"243","author":"Coleman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"2024040813410933200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2004.01.009","article-title":"Viability of mycobacteria in formalin-fixed lungs","volume":"35","author":"Gerston","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"2024040813410933200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1450","article-title":"Comparison of modified thiel embalming and ethanol-glycerin fixation in an anatomy environment: potentials and limitations of two complementary techniques","volume":"8","author":"Hammer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"2024040813410933200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-015-0299-5","article-title":"History and future of human cadaver preservation for surgical training: from formalin to saturated salt solution method","volume":"91","author":"Hayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anat Sci Int"},{"key":"2024040813410933200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1086\/652772","article-title":"Effectiveness of alcohol-based hand rubs for removal of Clostridium difficile spores from hands","volume":"31","author":"Jabbar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024040813410933200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(96)90351-2","article-title":"The viability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in formalin-fixed pulmonary autopsy tissue: review of the literature and brief report","volume":"27","author":"Kappel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"2024040813410933200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1715","article-title":"Learning anatomy through Thiel- vs. formalin-embalmed cadavers: student perceptions of embalming methods and effect on functional anatomy knowledge","volume":"11","author":"Kennel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"2024040813410933200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0594-3","article-title":"The rise in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faeciumin Germany: data from the German Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (ars)","volume":"8","author":"Markwart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"2024040813410933200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.2.724-726.2000","article-title":"Survival of enterococci and staphylococci on hospital fabrics and plastic","volume":"38","author":"Neely","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024040813410933200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13549","article-title":"Neutralisation of SARS-CoV-2 by anatomical embalming solutions","volume":"239","author":"Quondamatteo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"(S1)","key":"2024040813410933200_bib18_1670871196829","first-page":"13","article-title":"A general view of occupational hazards in dissection halls","volume":"19","author":"Sanchez\u00a0Gonzales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Anat"},{"key":"2024040813410933200_bib14","article-title":"Commission Regulation (EU) No 605\/2014 of 5 June 2014 amending, for the purposes of introducing hazard and precautionary statements in the Croatian language and its adaptation to technical and scientific progress, Regulation (EC) No 1272\/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (Text with EEA relevance)","author":"The European Commission","year":"2014"},{"key":"2024040813410933200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-011-0040-0","article-title":"Long-term survival of bacillus spores in alcohol and identification of 90% ethanol as relatively more spori\/bactericidal","volume":"64","author":"Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"2024040813410933200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.11.008","article-title":"Environmental survival of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium","volume":"77","author":"Wagenvoort","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"2024040813410933200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2018.10.007","article-title":"Recommendations of the working group of the Anatomische Gesellschaft on reduction of formaldehyde exposure in anatomical curricula and institutes","volume":"221","author":"Waschke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Anat"}],"container-title":["Letters in Applied Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/lambio\/article-pdf\/76\/1\/ovac027\/55388006\/ovac027.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/lambio\/article-pdf\/76\/1\/ovac027\/55388006\/ovac027.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T13:44:54Z","timestamp":1712583894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/lambio\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/lambio\/ovac027\/6902089"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/lambio\/ovac027","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-765X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-765X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"article-number":"ovac027"}}