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A recent surge in environmental (eDNA) sampling technologies could prove useful for quantifying the extent and levels of contamination from biological agents in environmental and drinking water. In this study, three commonly used membrane filtration materials (cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, and nylon) were evaluated for spore filtration efficiency, yielding recoveries from 17%\u201368% to 25%\u2013117% for high and low titer samples, respectively, where cellulose nitrate filters generated the highest recoveries. A holding time test revealed no statistically significant differences between spore recoveries when analyzed at the specified timepoints, suggesting that eDNA filter sampling techniques can yield and maintain a relatively high recovery of spores for an extended period of time between filtration and analysis without a detrimental impact on spore recoveries. The results shown here indicate that emerging eDNA technologies could be leveraged for sampling following a wide-area contamination incident and for other microbiological water sampling applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/lambio\/ovad005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T01:53:29Z","timestamp":1673661209000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impact of filter material and holding time on spore sampling efficiency in water"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1410-2756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Ratliff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Developmen, Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdel-Hady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs Technology Inc. , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariela","family":"Monge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consolidated Safety Services, Inc. , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Mikelonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Developmen, Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abderrahmane","family":"Touati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs Technology Inc. , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024040813214991700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.3390\/w13081113","article-title":"Towards the optimization of eDNA\/eRNA sampling technologies for marine biosecurity surveillance","volume":"13","author":"Bowers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2024040813214991700_bib2","volume-title":"A review of biological agent sampling methods and application to a wide-area incident scenario to characterize time and resource demands","author":"Calfee","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024040813214991700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.09.009","article-title":"Historical evolution of human anthrax from occupational disease to potentially global threat as bioweapon","volume":"85","author":"D'amelio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2024040813214991700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116560","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from wastewater solids in communities with low COVID-19 incidence and prevalence","volume":"188","author":"D'aoust","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"2024040813214991700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2003.08.007","article-title":"Transfer of bacteria-contaminated particles in a karst aquifer: evolution of contaminated materials from a sinkhole to a spring","volume":"284","author":"Dussart-Baptista","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"key":"2024040813214991700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12421","article-title":"Optimizing techniques to capture and extract environmental DNA for detection and quantification of fish","volume":"16","author":"Eichmiller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"key":"2024040813214991700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2019.04.005","article-title":"The use of hollow fiber dialysis filters operated in axial flow mode for recovery of microorganisms in large volume water samples with high loadings of particulate matter","volume":"160","author":"Gallardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"2024040813214991700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2014.06.021","article-title":"The effect of storage time on vibrio spp. and fecal indicator bacteria in an Isco autosampler","volume":"104","author":"Ghazaleh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"2024040813214991700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17836","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017836","article-title":"Genomic signatures of strain selection and enhancement in Bacillus atrophaeus var. 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