{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:31:26Z","timestamp":1792452686596,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Immunology Research Center"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004366","name":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The gut microbiota, which plays a vital role in synthesizing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study aimed to evaluate four phyla of gut microbiota and main SCFAs in IBD patients compared to the control group. Stool samples from 40 IBD patients [including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD)] and 20 healthy controls were analyzed. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the abundance of four major gut microbiota phyla, and SCFA concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that Firmicutes levels were significantly lower in both UC and CD patients compared to controls. Bacteroidetes were significantly reduced in CD patients, while proteobacteria were significantly elevated in UC patients. No significant differences were observed in Actinobacteria levels. Regarding SCFAs, butyric acid was significantly lower in both UC and CD patients. Additionally, acetic acid and propionic acid were significantly decreased only in UC patients. These findings highlight the presence of gut dysbiosis and altered SCFA profiles in IBD patients. Given the protective roles of gut microbiota and their metabolites, strategies to restore microbial balance and SCFA production may support the management and treatment of IBD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/lambio\/ovaf111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T16:03:14Z","timestamp":1755100994000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A study on gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in patients with inflammatory bowel disease from northwest Iran"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Samira","family":"Saedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Department of Bacteriology and Virology, , Tabriz ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safoura","family":"Derakhshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences , Sanandaj 66177113446 ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javid","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Department of Bacteriology and Virology, , Tabriz ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6648-0893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alka","family":"Hasani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Department of Bacteriology and Virology, , Tabriz ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manouchehr","family":"Khoshbaten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Department of Internal Medicine, , Tabriz 5166614766 ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahdat","family":"Poortahmasebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Department of Bacteriology and Virology, , Tabriz ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somayeh","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Department of Bacteriology and Virology, , Tabriz ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12317","article-title":"Implications of the changing epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in a changing world","volume":"10","author":"Agrawal","year":"2022","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5575245","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5575245","article-title":"Biodiversity of gut microbiota: impact of various host and environmental factors","volume":"2021","author":"Anwar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557522666220914093331","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease-current state of the art","volume":"23","author":"Askari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mini Rev Med Chem"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa097","article-title":"Multidimensional impact of mediterranean diet on ibd patients","volume":"27","author":"Chicco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.01.006","article-title":"Precision microbiome modulation with discrete dietary fiber structures directs short-chain fatty acid production","volume":"27","author":"Deehan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7062","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137062","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: a comprehensive analysis of molecular bases, predictive biomarkers, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic options","volume":"25","author":"Diez-Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13914","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13914","article-title":"Microbiota changes induced by microencapsulated sodium butyrate in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"32","author":"Facchin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02203-z","article-title":"Effects of short-chain fatty acid-butyrate supplementation on expression of circadian-clock genes, sleep quality, and inflammation in patients with active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Firoozi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13780","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706625104","article-title":"Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"104","author":"Frank","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.05.026","article-title":"Low-fat, high-fiber diet reduces markers of inflammation and dysbiosis and improves quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"19","author":"Fritsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol: Official Clin Pract J Amer Gastroenterol Assoc"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"\u00a02211","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092211","article-title":"Short-chain fatty-acid-producing bacteria: key components of the human gut microbiota","volume-title":"Nutrients","author":"Fusco","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063061","article-title":"Butyrate and the fine-tuning of colonic homeostasis: implication for inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"22","author":"Gasaly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-020-01474-7","article-title":"Human gut microbiota\/microbiome in health and diseases: a review","volume":"113","author":"Gomaa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.10.024","article-title":"Butyrate's role in human health and the current progress towards its clinical application to treat gastrointestinal disease","volume":"42","author":"Hodgkinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040708","article-title":"Evaluating the efficacy of probiotics on disease progression, quality of life, and nutritional status among patients with crohn's disease: a multicenter, randomized, single-blinded controlled trial","volume-title":"Nutrients","author":"Hoteit","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03569-3","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation versus glucocorticoids for the induction of remission in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis","volume-title":"J Transl Med","author":"Huang","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2174\/1874091X01004010053","article-title":"The impact of the level of the intestinal short chain fatty acids in inflammatory bowel disease patients versus healthy subjects","volume-title":"Open Biochem J","author":"Huda-Faujan","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2174\/1874091\u00d701004010053","article-title":"The impact of the level of the intestinal short chain fatty acids in inflammatory bowel disease patients versus healthy subjects","volume":"4","author":"Huda-Faujan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Biochem J"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03328","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota as a host defense mechanism to infectious threats","volume":"9","author":"Iacob","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4259","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124259","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolite-mediated regulation of the intestinal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Iyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib21","first-page":"43","article-title":"Association between fecal levels of short-chain fatty acids and serum pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","author":"Kaczmarczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Folia MedCracov"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-023-00595-1","article-title":"Impact of short chain fatty acids (SCFAS) on antimicrobial activity of new \u03b2-lactam\/\u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combinations and on virulence of escherichia coli isolates","volume":"76","author":"Kadry","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Antibiot (Tokyo)"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i17.2666","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for the maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Lahtinen","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e548","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002140","article-title":"Gut microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases with and without type-2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"33","author":"Leylabadlo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34939","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034939","article-title":"Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of the microbiota in ulcerated and non-ulcerated regions in the patients with crohn's disease","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186892","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1186892","article-title":"Regulation of short-chain fatty acids in the immune system","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-024-01487-9","article-title":"A pilot randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern on disease activity, symptoms and microbiota profile in adults with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"78","author":"Marsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-023-00461-4","article-title":"Butyrate: more than a short chain fatty acid","volume":"12","author":"Mohamed\u00a0Elfadil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17880","article-title":"The profile of key gut microbiota members and short-chain fatty acids in patients with sepsis","volume":"9","author":"Nabizadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2023.00080","article-title":"Gut microbiota in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutics of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"22","author":"Pandey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intest Res"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-022-02825-5","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids modulate healthy gut microbiota composition and functional potential","volume":"79","author":"Peterson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i14.2078","article-title":"Role of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in management of inflammatory bowel disease: current perspectives","volume":"29","author":"Roy","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-024-03997-y","article-title":"Recent advances in gut microbiome modulation: effect of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease prevention and treatment","volume":"82","author":"Saedi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.52547\/ibj.3772","article-title":"Dynamic population of gut microbiota as an indicator of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"26","author":"Salimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran Biomed J"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"BSR20203850","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20203850","article-title":"The role of the microbiome in gastrointestinal inflammation","volume":"41","author":"Sanders","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082203","article-title":"Levels of main bacterial phyla in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep depending on parity and age","volume":"11","author":"Smoli\u0144ski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.22141\/2308-2097.56.2.2022.495","article-title":"Relationship between the humoral link of immunity, cytokine regulation with short-chain fatty acids in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"56","author":"Stepanov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.22141\/2308-2097.55.2.2021.233631","article-title":"Evaluation of the intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids content in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"55","author":"Stoykevich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaap8914","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aap8914","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition and functional changes in inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Vich\u00a0Vila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103598","article-title":"Prebiotic galactooligosaccharide supplementation in adults with ulcerative colitis: exploring the impact on peripheral blood gene expression, gut microbiota, and clinical symptoms","volume-title":"Nutrients","author":"Wilson","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14951","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c00278","article-title":"Propionic acid driven by the lactobacillus johnsonii culture supernatant alleviates colitis by inhibiting m1 macrophage polarization by modulating the mapk pathway in mice","volume":"71","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115821","article-title":"The role and mechanism of action of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids in neutrophils: from the activation to becoming potential biomarkers","volume":"169","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2025082903565248400_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v11.i4.130","article-title":"Looking into key bacterial proteins involved in gut dysbiosis","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Methodol"}],"container-title":["Letters in Applied Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/lambio\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/lambio\/ovaf111\/64037035\/ovaf111.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/lambio\/article-pdf\/78\/8\/ovaf111\/64037035\/ovaf111.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/lambio\/article-pdf\/78\/8\/ovaf111\/64037035\/ovaf111.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T07:56:59Z","timestamp":1756454219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/lambio\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/lambio\/ovaf111\/8233667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/lambio\/ovaf111","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-765X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-765X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"article-number":"ovaf111"}}