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Polyphasic analysis, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing (&amp;gt;99% similarity to reference B. subtilis strains), identified the isolate as BS-Q. It exhibited robust growth, and sporulation was observed. Its cell-free supernatant (CFS) demonstrated potent, broad-spectrum inhibition against C. perfringens types A, C, and G with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 33.06\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.53\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL. The antibacterial activity was localized to the CFS and showed remarkable stability after exposure to harsh conditions: high temperature (100\u00b0C for 30\u00a0min), a broad pH range (3.0\u201311.0), and high salinity (up to 10% NaCl). Protease treatment markedly reduced the activity, confirming the proteinaceous nature of the antimicrobial compounds, which was supported by the presence of unique protein bands (25\u201335\u00a0kDa) in the CFS as revealed by SDS-PAGE. In conclusion, B. subtilis BS-Q produces highly stable, proteinaceous antimicrobials effective against C. perfringens. Its strong anti-clostridial activity and resilience position it as a promising probiotic and a potential antibiotic alternative for controlling necrotic enteritis in poultry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/lambio\/ovag008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T12:35:24Z","timestamp":1771677324000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Probiotic characterization of\n                    <i>Bacillus subtilis<\/i>\n                    Strain BS-Q and its cell-free-supernatant-mediated inhibition of\n                    <i>Clostridium perfringens<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Anhui Sciences and Technology University , Fengyang, Anhui 233100 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Key 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