{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T08:51:13Z","timestamp":1776675073590,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study investigates the potential of onion peel waste as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative substrate for xanthan gum production using Xanthomonas campestris NCIM 2961. The results demonstrate that onion peel-based medium consistently produced higher xanthan gum yields compared to the standard medium, achieving a maximum yield of 5.21 g L\u22121 at optimal conditions (pH 7.0, 30\u00b0C, 100\u00a0rpm agitation, and a 48\u00a0h incubation period), without supplements or pretreatments. FT-IR confirmed the chemical identity and purity of xanthan gum derived from the onion peel-based medium, closely matching commercial food-grade xanthan gum. Utilizing onion peels as a carbon substrate can contribute to waste management in India, a major onion producer, generating tons of onion peel waste every year. This would also align with sustainable development and circular economic goals. However, large-scale production of xanthan gum may be challenging due to factors like variable peel composition, inhibitory compounds, microbial contaminants, and extraction limitations. Future efforts focused on refining pretreatment and purification techniques, engineering Xanthomonas strains for improved waste utilization, and optimizing fermentation conditions using response surface methodology could further boost production efficiency. These findings highlight the viability of onion peel waste as a standalone substrate for cost-effective and sustainable xanthan gum production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/lambio\/ovag038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T12:49:37Z","timestamp":1774529377000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Repurposing onion peel waste as a cost-effective and sustainable substrate for xanthan production"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Kriti","family":"Dutta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Assam down town University Department of Biotechnology, , Guwahati 781026 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Assam down town University Department of Biotechnology, , Guwahati 781026 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rituparna","family":"Debnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Assam down town University Department of Biotechnology, , Guwahati 781026 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina Sultana","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Statistician, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) , Changsari, Guwahati 781101 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7535-7467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biswa Prasun","family":"Chatterji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Assam down town University Department of Biotechnology, , Guwahati 781026 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.3390\/POLYM15071801","article-title":"Microbial exopolysaccharide composites in biomedicine and healthcare: trends and advances","volume":"15","author":"Ahuja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/S10068-023-01442-7","article-title":"Production and application of xanthan gum\u2014prospects in the dairy and plant-based milk food industry: a review","volume":"33","author":"Asase","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140178","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2023.140178","article-title":"Valorization of onion peel waste: from trash to treasure","volume":"343","author":"Bains","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.34172\/AJMB.2021.16","article-title":"Applications of microbial exopolysaccharides in the food industry","volume":"9","author":"Basiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avicenna J Med Biochem"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102328","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BCAB.2022.102328","article-title":"Advances in xanthan gum production, modifications and its applications","volume":"42","author":"Bhat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biocatal Agric Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib6","first-page":"185","article-title":"Xanthan gum: properties, production conditions, quality and economic perspective","volume":"54","author":"Bruna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Food Nutr Res"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib7","author":"Celebrating 15 Years of CP Kelco\u2014J.M. Huber Corporation","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.51847\/RQGQJWM4NG","article-title":"Exploring the potential of microbial exopolysaccharides as innovative and eco-friendly cleansing agents: a review","volume":"16","author":"Chandrasekhar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Biochem Technol"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.4014\/kjmb.1205.05023","article-title":"Xanthan gum production from hydrolyzed rice bran as a carbon source by Xanthomonas spp","volume":"40","author":"Demirci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3379","DOI":"10.1002\/BTPR.3379","article-title":"Sources and methods of manufacturing xanthan by fermentation of various carbon sources","volume":"39","author":"Dey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol Progr"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1590\/s0101-20612007000100005","article-title":"Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de goma xantana por fermenta\u00e7\u00e3o do res\u00edduo de suco de ma\u00e7\u00e3","volume":"27","author":"Druzian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Alimentos"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-017-0876-5","article-title":"Xanthan gum production using jackfruit-seed-powder-based medium: optimization and characterization","volume":"7","author":"Felicia\u00a0Katherine","year":"2017","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0","DOI":"10.4322\/BIORI.202205","article-title":"Xanthan gum: applications, challenges, and advantages of this asset of biotechnological origin","volume":"6","author":"Furtado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol Res Innov J"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib15","first-page":"52","article-title":"Optimization and production of xanthan gum by Xanthomonas campestris NRRL-B-1449 from sugar beet molasses","volume":"2","author":"Gomashe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Eng Sci"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/IJFS.16789","article-title":"Application of microbial exopolysaccharides in packaging films for the food industry: a review","volume":"59","author":"Guerrero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BCAB.2017.02.013","article-title":"Effective variables on production and structure of xanthan gum and its food applications: a review","volume":"10","author":"Habibi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biocatal Agric Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3390\/PHARMACEUTICS15020402","article-title":"Advances in xanthan gum-based systems for the delivery of therapeutic agents","volume":"15","author":"Jadav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.3390\/MOLECULES30132734\/S1","article-title":"Sustainable production and antioxidant activity of bacterial xanthan gum","volume":"30","author":"Jonu\u0161kien\u0117","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/s0032-9592(03)00067-0","article-title":"Optimization of xanthan gum production by Xanthomonas campestris grown in molasses","volume":"39","author":"Kalogiannis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Process Biochem"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.13102-4","article-title":"Polysaccharides, microbial","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Microbiology","author":"Lei","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib22","article-title":"Press Release: Press Information Bureau","author":"Ministry of Consumer Affairs, F. & P. D","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_doi42_994_072726","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.48557","article-title":"Influence of strain and fermentation time on the production, composition, and properties of xanthan gum","volume":"137","author":"Miranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3390\/POLYSACCHARIDES5030018","article-title":"Microbial exopolysaccharides: structure, diversity, applications, and future frontiers in sustainable functional materials","volume":"5","author":"Mouro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polysaccharides"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.3390\/POLYM13040530","article-title":"Biomedical applications of bacterial exopolysaccharides: a review","volume":"13","author":"Nadzir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.3390\/MICROORGANISMS11061541","article-title":"Exopolysaccharides producing bacteria: a review","volume":"11","author":"Netrusov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.3390\/BIOM14091162","article-title":"Advances in microbial exopolysaccharides: present and future applications","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation5010009","article-title":"Use of chicken feather peptone and sugar beet molasses as low cost substrates for xanthan production by Xanthomonas campestris MO-03","volume":"5","author":"Ozdal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27103","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA04366D","article-title":"Xanthan gum derivatives: review of synthesis, properties and diverse applications","volume":"10","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42035","DOI":"10.1002\/APP.42035","article-title":"Xanthan gum: a versatile biopolymer for biomedical and technological applications","volume":"132","author":"Petri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Polym Sci"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e04891","DOI":"10.1016\/J.HELIYON.2020.E04891","article-title":"Utilization of food waste streams for the production of biopolymers","volume":"6","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2298\/hemind160401025r","article-title":"Xanthan production on wastewaters from wine industry","volume":"71","author":"Ron\u010devi\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hemijska Industrija"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib34","first-page":"289","article-title":"Batch and fed-batch cultivation of Xanthomonas campestris in carob extracts","volume":"25","author":"Roseiro","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lebensmittel Wissenschaft Technol"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1745-4530.2009.00369.X","article-title":"Production of xanthan gum from Xanthomonas campestris Nrrl B-1459 by fermentation of date juice palm by-products (PhoenixX DACTYLIFERA L.)","volume":"34","author":"Salah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Food Process Eng"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/RS.3.RS-158198\/V1","volume-title":"Production of xanthan gum by Xanthomonas campestris CCT 13951 submerged fermentation on hydrolysed agroindustrial by-products","author":"Santos","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114152","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCIENTA.2025.114152","article-title":"Comprehensive review on the current scenarios in onion processing and addressing the grand onion challenge of India","volume":"345","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Hortic"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/BIT.260350503;REQUESTEDJOURNAL:JOURNAL:10970290;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE\/CHAPTER","article-title":"Effects of temperature on cell growth and xanthan production in batch cultures of Xanthomonas campestris","volume":"35","author":"Shu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib39","first-page":"66","article-title":"Batch production kinetics of xanthan gum from potato waste","volume":"22","author":"Sirohi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Think India J"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-018-1322-z","article-title":"Xanthan gum production from acid hydrolyzed broomcorn stem as a sole carbon source by Xanthomonas campestris","volume":"8","author":"Soleymanpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104173","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TIFS.2023.104173","article-title":"A comprehensive review on bioactive compounds, health benefits, and potential food applications of onion (Allium cepa L.) skin waste","volume":"141","author":"Stoica","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18613","DOI":"10.1016\/J.HELIYON.2023.E18613","article-title":"Microbial exopolysaccharides in the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries","volume":"9","author":"Waoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FOODHYD.2019.03.032","article-title":"Exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria: structures, physiochemical functions and applications in the food industry","volume":"94","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Hydrocolloids"},{"key":"2026042004060851500_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI17694-24","article-title":"Onion peel waste has the potential to be converted into a useful agricultural product to improve vegetable crop growth","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"HortScience"}],"container-title":["Letters in Applied Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/lambio\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/lambio\/ovag038\/67552222\/ovag038.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/lambio\/article-pdf\/79\/4\/ovag038\/68114006\/ovag038.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/lambio\/article-pdf\/79\/4\/ovag038\/68114006\/ovag038.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T08:06:15Z","timestamp":1776672375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/lambio\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/lambio\/ovag038\/8541853"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/lambio\/ovag038","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-765X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-765X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"article-number":"ovag038"}}