{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:01:12Z","timestamp":1790258472418,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Textile Services Association"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bed linen can act as a reservoir for microorganisms transferred from skin, dust, and the environment. Despite the importance of linen hygiene in healthcare and hospitality, evidence on bed-changing frequency is limited, with studies reporting only cross-sectional microbiological data. This study investigated longitudinal bacterial and fungal colonization of bed linen over 4 weeks in a domestic environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Nine participants used polycotton bed linen for 1 day to 4 weeks. Swatches were collected from the pillow, hip, and foot regions, analyzed using viable counts and amplicon-based sequencing. After use, bacterial and fungal loads increased, respectively, from 3.61\u202flog\u2081\u2080CFU\/25\u202fcm\u00b2 and 3.25\u202flog\u2081\u2080CFU\/25\u202fcm\u00b2 at day one to 3.96\u202flog\u2081\u2080CFU\/25\u202fcm\u00b2 and 3.63\u202flog\u2081\u2080CFU\/25\u202fcm\u00b2 after one week. Loads remained stable over four weeks (bacteria\u00a0&amp;gt;\u00a03.9\u202flog\u2081\u2080; fungi\u00a0&amp;gt;\u00a03.5\u202flog\u2081\u2080CFU\/25\u202fcm\u00b2).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Amplicon-based sequencing showed that 65% of samples were dominated by Staphylococcus spp. (50%\u201399% relative abundance), with S. capitis, S. hominis, and S. epidermidis most frequent. Fungal communities varied but commonly included Naganishia spp., Candida spp., and Penicillium spp. These findings demonstrate rapid microbial accumulation on bed linen, which remains stable over a month. Although based on a small domestic cohort, the microbial burden suggests a potential role for bed linen in exposure risk, supporting the need to consider bed-changing practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/lambio\/ovag078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:59:46Z","timestamp":1789473586000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From clean to colonized: microbial dynamics of bed linen over time"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Cayrou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Group, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University , Leicester LE1 9BH ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Abu-Aita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Group, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University , Leicester LE1 9BH ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Laird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Group, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University , Leicester LE1 9BH ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092409170527200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.7150\/jgen.15063","article-title":"Draft genome sequence of Kocuria rhizophila strain TPW45, an actinobacterium isolated from freshwater","volume":"4","author":"Adrian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Genomics"},{"key":"2026092409170527200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02603.x","article-title":"Repeated measurements of mite and pet allergen levels in house dust over a time period of 8 years","volume":"36","author":"Antens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"2026092409170527200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.04.022","article-title":"Hot and steamy: outbreak of Bacillus cereus in Singapore associated with construction work and laundry practices","volume":"81","author":"Balm","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"2026092409170527200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2017.0027","article-title":"Microbial culturomics application for global health: noncontiguous finished genome sequence and description of Pseudomonas massiliensis strain CB-1T sp. nov. in Brazil","volume":"22","author":"Bardet","year":"2018","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"2026092409170527200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001487","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001487","article-title":"Genomic epidemiology of a Bacillus cereus bacteraemia outbreak linked to contaminated hospital laundry","volume":"11","author":"Bosica","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"key":"2026092409170527200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ1006","article-title":"Hospital outbreak of pulmonary and cutaneous zygomycosis due to contaminated linen items from substandard laundry","volume":"62","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092409170527200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2001.1127","article-title":"Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter and role of curtains in an outbreak in intensive care units","volume":"50","author":"Das","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"2026092409170527200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3887","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-023-12569-2","article-title":"Textiles as fomites in the healthcare system","volume":"107","author":"Dixit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026092409170527200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000261","article-title":"Mucormycosis outbreak associated with hospital linens","volume":"33","author":"Duffy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2026092409170527200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.37201\/req\/097.2023","article-title":"Corneal abscess caused by Filobasidium uniguttulatum. 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