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Regulating levels of body fat somewhere between these limits would, therefore, appear to be adaptive. Two different models might be contemplated. More traditional is a set point (SP) where the levels are regulated around a fixed level. Alternatively, dual-intervention point (DIP) is a system that tolerates fairly wide variation but is activated when critically high or low levels are breached. The DIP system seems to fit our experience much better than an SP, and models suggest that it is more likely to have evolved. A DIP system may have evolved because of two contrasting selection pressures. At the lower end, we may have been selected to avoid low levels of fat as a buffer against starvation, to avoid disease-induced anorexia, and to support reproduction. At the upper end, we may have been selected to avoid excess storage because of the elevated risks of predation. This upper limit of control seems to have malfunctioned because some of us deposit large fat stores, with important negative health effects. Why has evolution not protected us against this problem? One possibility is that the protective system slowly fell apart due to random mutations after we dramatically reduced the risk of being predated during our evolutionary history. By chance, it fell apart more in some people than others, and these people are now unable to effectively manage their weight in the face of the modern food glut. To understand the evolutionary context of obesity, it is important to separate the adaptive reason for storing some fat (i.e. the lower intervention point), from the nonadaptive reason for storing lots of fat (a broken upper intervention point). The DIP model has several consequences, showing how we understand the obesity problem and what happens when we attempt to treat it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/lifemeta\/loac002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T11:40:29Z","timestamp":1651232429000},"page":"10-24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Obesity: an evolutionary context"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"John R","family":"Speakman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen , China"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China"},{"name":"CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics , Kunming , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel K","family":"Elmquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern , Dallas, TX , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022110316301274000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(46)90528-4","article-title":"Lipodystrophy and hepatomegaly with diabetes, lipaemia, and other metabolic disturbances: a case throwing new light on the action of 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