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The present work aimed to investigate the histological changes in the spinal cord during development and identify the immunohistochemical distribution of telocytes (TCs) and microglia. Our study revealed in the early stages (2\u20133 ED): development of tubular neuroepithelium and onset of neurogenesis through radial cell migration. Mid stages (5\u20137 ED): significant cellular remodeling and differentiation of the ventral canal. By 9\u201311 ED: notable structural development with expansion of gray and white matter and increased glial cell density. Advanced stages (13\u201315 ED): complete formation of the meninges (pia, arachnoid, dura matter). Immunohistochemically, CD34-positive TCs were detected in the pia matter (PM), white matter, and gray matter of the spinal cord, with a highly significant increase in their number in the PM at 7ED and redistribution toward white matter by 9\u201313ED. CD45-positive microglia were found among ependymal cells of the ventral canal and within the gray, white matter and arachnoid matter of the spinal cord. Their numbers increased significantly on 9 and 13 ED compared with 7 ED, peaking at 9 ED. These findings provide a comprehensive timeline of structural differentiation and reveal, for the first time, the distribution and developmental dynamics of TCs and microglia in the avian spinal cord.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mam\/ozag020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T17:19:50Z","timestamp":1773940790000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developmental Dynamics of Telocytes and Microglia in the Spinal Cord of Japanese Quail Embryos: A Histological and Immunohistochemical Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1357-2684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University , Assiut 71515 ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7231-2984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruwaida","family":"Elhanbaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University , Assiut 71515 ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6285-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada","family":"Abdellah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University , Sohag 82524 ,","place":["Egypt"]},{"name":"Department of Histology and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Assiut , New Nasser City 11829 ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042911214507800_ozag020-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14039","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70032-y","article-title":"Morphological and immunohistochemical phenotype of TCs in the intestinal bulb of grass carp and their potential role in intestinal immunity","volume":"10","author":"Abd-Elhafeez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026042911214507800_ozag020-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.2437","article-title":"Morphology of migrating telocytes and their potential role in stem cell differentiation during cartilage development in catfish (Clarias gariepinus)","volume":"86","author":"Abd-Elhafeez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"2026042911214507800_ozag020-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2017.03.007","article-title":"Cell-specific immuno-localization of progesterone receptor alpha in the rabbit ovary during pregnancy and after parturition","volume":"180","author":"Abd-Elkareem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"2026042911214507800_ozag020-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41143\u2013y","article-title":"Morphological changes of telocytes in camel efferent ductules in response to seasonal variations during the reproductive cycle","volume":"9","author":"Abdel-Maksoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042911214507800_ozag020-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.37506\/ijfmt.v15i3.15554","article-title":"Embryonic development of spinal cord in white cheeked bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis)","volume":"15","author":"Abed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026042911214507800_ozag020-B6","first-page":"503","article-title":"Neurosurgical embryology. 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