{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:23:34Z","timestamp":1787765014434,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To better understand hydrogen (H) trapping kinetics at the nanoscale, we recently introduced an approach consisting of in situ H implantation inside an atom probe analysis chamber operated at cryogenic temperature. This method enables implantation of H2+ ions with energies up to 1\u2005keV, allowing H to penetrate approximately 10\u2005nm beneath the surface of an atom probe tomography (APT) specimen. Here, we investigate the expansion of APT samples following H implantation in two metallic systems: nickel (Ni) and titanium (Ti). In Ni, a significant expansion of \u224810\u201315% was observed by comparing transmission electron microscopy images acquired before and after implantation. In Ti, expansion could not be directly imaged due to specimen degradation caused by room-temperature transfer; however, APT analyses revealed a substantial shift in evaporation voltage (10\u201340%), consistent with pronounced Ti tip volume expansion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mam\/ozag076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:45:22Z","timestamp":1784115922000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Stable Expansion to Catastrophic Failure Under Extreme Hydrogen Loading in Ni and Ti Atom Probe Tomography Specimens"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1820-0918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Baptiste","family":"Maillet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GPM UMR 6634, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, Normandie Universit\u00e9 , F-76000 Rouen ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GPM UMR 6634, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, Normandie Universit\u00e9 , F-76000 Rouen ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5492-1978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GPM UMR 6634, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, Normandie Universit\u00e9 , F-76000 Rouen ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Normand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GPM UMR 6634, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, Normandie Universit\u00e9 , F-76000 Rouen ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charly","family":"Vaudaulon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GPM UMR 6634, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, Normandie Universit\u00e9 , F-76000 Rouen ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6834-3507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Vurpillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GPM UMR 6634, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, Normandie Universit\u00e9 , F-76000 Rouen ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B1","volume-title":"Predicting Formation Enthalpies of Metal Hydrides","author":"Andreasen","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-017-1978-5","article-title":"Understanding and mitigating hydrogen embrittlement of steels: A review of experimental, modelling and design progress from atomistic to continuum","volume":"53","author":"Barrera","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mater Sci"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2015-430","article-title":"Prevention of hydrogen embrittlement in steels","volume":"56","author":"Bhadeshia","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISIJ International"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5088(80)90110-1","article-title":"On the heats of formation of the binary hydrides of transition metals","volume":"71","author":"Bouten","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Less Common Met"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz0122","article-title":"Observation of hydrogen trapping at dislocations, grain boundaries, and precipitates","volume":"367","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2014.10.081","article-title":"Hydride phase equilibria in V\u2013Ti\u2013Ni alloy membranes","volume":"622","author":"Dolan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Alloys Compd"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.5772\/21662","volume-title":"Thermodynamics\u2014Interaction Studies\u2014Solids, Liquids and Gases","author":"Dornheim","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2018.09.201","article-title":"Hydrogen embrittlement in different materials: A review","volume":"43","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1088\/0305-4608\/16\/12\/008","article-title":"Hydrogen induced lattice expansion and effective H-H interaction in single phase PdHc","volume":"16","author":"Feenstra","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Phys F: Met Phys"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1017\/s1431927621013702","article-title":"An atom probe with ultra-low hydrogen background","volume":"28","author":"Felfer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microsc Microanal"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1116\/1.2827505","article-title":"Physics of generalized Fowler-Nordheim-type equations","volume":"26","author":"Forbes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vac Sci Technol B, Microelectron Nanometer Struct Process Meas Phenom"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1928.0091","article-title":"Electron emission in intense electric fields","volume":"119","author":"Fowler","year":"1928","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond Ser A-Contain Pap Math Phys Character"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3436-8","volume-title":"Atom Probe Microscopy","author":"Gault","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-8388(01)01939-9","article-title":"On extending Miedema's model to predict hydrogen content in binary and ternary hydrides","volume":"337","author":"Herbst","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Alloys Compd"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00560621","article-title":"Storing energy in metal hydrides: A review of the physical metallurgy","volume":"18","author":"Ivey","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Mater Sci"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2023.115963","article-title":"Characterization of hydrogen traps in a co-precipitation steel investigated by atom probe experiments without cryogenic transfer","volume":"243","author":"Jakob","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scr Mater"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevSTAB.11.081001","article-title":"Electron emission contributions to dark current and its relation to microscopic field enhancement and heating in accelerator structures","volume":"11","author":"Jensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys Rev Spec Top, Accel Beams"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53770-6.00025-3","volume-title":"Physical Metallurgy","author":"Kirchheim","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B19","volume-title":"Atom Probe Tomography: Put Theory into Practice","author":"Lefebvre-Ulrikson","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2020.06.046","article-title":"Hydrogen trapping and desorption of dual precipitates in tempered low-carbon martensitic steel","volume":"196","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Mater"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1515\/corrrev-2012-0502","article-title":"Hydrogen embrittlement phenomena and mechanisms","volume":"30","author":"Lynch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Corros Rev"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295501","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ade690","article-title":"Effect of implanted hydrogen on the evaporation field of nickel in APT analysis","volume":"58","author":"Maillet","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Phys D Appl Phys"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1093\/mam\/ozae040","article-title":"In-situ pulsed hydrogen implantation in atom probe tomography","volume":"30","author":"Maillet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microsc Microanal"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927621012332","article-title":"Extending estimating hydrogen content in atom probe tomography experiments where H2 molecule formation occurs","volume":"28","author":"Meier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microsc Microanal"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/3540087052_42","volume-title":"Hydrogen in Metals I","author":"Peisl","year":"1978"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02812023","article-title":"A classification of hydrogen traps in steel","volume":"10","author":"Pressouyre","year":"1979","journal-title":"Metall Trans A"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/SSP.73-75.137","article-title":"Nickel-hydrogen system","volume":"73\u201375","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Solid State Phenom"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/1\/14\/003","article-title":"Hydrogen solubility and diffusion in the shape-memory alloy NiTi","volume":"1","author":"Schmidt","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Phys Condens Matter"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B29","author":"Sofronis","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11050788","article-title":"Effect of cementite on the hydrogen diffusion\/trap characteristics of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel with and without annealing","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultramic.2013.01.007","article-title":"Hydrogen analysis in APT: Methods to control adsorption and dissociation of H2","volume":"132","author":"Sundell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"key":"2026082612564138400_ozag076-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02882416","article-title":"The H\u2212Ni (hydrogen-nickel) system","volume":"10","author":"Wayman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bull Alloy Phase Diagr"}],"container-title":["Microscopy and Microanalysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mam\/article-pdf\/32\/4\/ozag076\/70806886\/ozag076.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mam\/article-pdf\/32\/4\/ozag076\/70806886\/ozag076.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:56:48Z","timestamp":1787763408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mam\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/mam\/ozag076\/8771272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mam\/ozag076","relation":{},"ISSN":["1431-9276","1435-8115"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1431-9276","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-8115","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"article-number":"ozag076"}}