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This study investigated early pubertal exposure in ninety-six immature male Swiss albino mice administered DBP or DEHP (100, 200, and 400\u2005mg\/kg) for 15 days, evaluated at 36, 45, 50, and 70 days to assess both exposure effects and recovery. Light microscopy of Hematoxylin and Eosin-stained sperm smears and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), alongside immunohistochemical investigations for inhibin-\u03b1, calretinin, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-\u03b3), were utilized. Exposure induced severe, dose-dependent toxicity, causing complete sperm absence at 36 days, followed by reduced viability (\u223c20%) and teratozoospermia (&amp;gt;80%). TEM revealed extensive ultrastructural damage; mitochondrial degeneration reached 37% (DBP-400) and 47.9% (DEHP-400), while Sertoli cell vacuolization averaged \u223c8 and \u223c5 vacuoles\/cell in high-dose groups. Concurrently, disrupted lipid homeostasis was evidenced by peroxisome proliferation and increased Leydig lipid area fraction, exceeding 50% in the DBP-400 group by 50 days. Recovery at 70 days was dose-dependent, occurring primarily in low-dose groups following treatment withdrawal. Immunohistochemical investigations demonstrated decreased inhibin-\u03b1 and calretinin expression, alongside increased PPAR-\u03b3 immunoreactivity. Early-puberty phthalate exposure was associated with mitochondrial injury, altered PPAR-\u03b3 expression, disrupted lipid homeostasis, and incomplete recovery of testicular alterations at higher doses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mam\/ozag107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T17:47:26Z","timestamp":1792691246000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early-Life Exposure to DBP and DEHP Induces Ultrastructural Testicular Damage and Semen Quality Deterioration Through Modulation of Inhibin-\n                    <i>\u03b1<\/i>\n                    , Calretinin, and PPAR-\n                    <i>\u03b3<\/i>\n                    Expression"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6716-9789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reda A","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology & Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University , Assiut 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