{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T12:03:10Z","timestamp":1777118590390,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]],"date-time":"2023-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) not only has short-term side effects on offspring but also has an increased risk of developing chronic diseases in adulthood. The thymus gland is a vital organ of immune system and thymoquinone (TQ) has an immunomodulatory effect. This study aimed to investigate the long-term adverse effects of GDM on offspring\u2019s thymus gland and the ameliorating effect of TQ. Pregnant rats were divided into four groups: C-group, T-group, GD-group, and GD + T-group. Offspring of all groups were subdivided into two subgroups, one sacrificed on day 21 and the other on day 42. The thymus of the offspring in the GD-group at both time points revealed a significant decrease in thymic weight, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels with a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) levels. Moreover, there were microscopic degenerative changes, a significant decrease in C\/M ratio, CD3, CD4, and CD8 immune expression, and a significant increase in activated caspase-3 immune expression. Interestingly, TQ administration revealed a significant increase in thymic weight, thymic SOD and GSH, C\/M ratio, and CD3, CD4, and CD8 immune expression with a significant decrease in MDA, IL-8, TNF-\u03b1 and activated caspase-3. For the first time, this study has shown that GDM causes long-term oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in offspring\u2019s thymus and these changes could be attenuated by TQ.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/micmic\/ozad007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]],"date-time":"2023-02-25T05:13:08Z","timestamp":1677301988000},"page":"698-712","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Gestational Diabetes on the Thymus Gland of Rat\u2019s Offspring and the Possible Ameliorating Effect of Thymoquinone: Biochemical, Histological, and Immunohistochemical Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Yasmine Osama Mohamed","family":"Mokhtar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University , Minya Governorate, Minya City, Cairo-Aswan Agricultural Road, El-Minia 61511 , Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6937-4340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar Ahmed","family":"Mokhemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University , Minya Governorate, Minya City, Cairo-Aswan Agricultural Road, El-Minia 61511 , Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanaa Hassanein","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University , Minya Governorate, Minya City, Cairo-Aswan Agricultural Road, El-Minia 61511 , Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2660-9909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nashwa Fathy Gamal","family":"El-Tahawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University , Minya Governorate, Minya City, Cairo-Aswan Agricultural Road, El-Minia 61511 , Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2023040512115886500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-0407.2010.00091.x","article-title":"Effects of Nigella sativa and thymoquinone on biochemical and subcellular changes in pancreatic \u03b2-cells of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"2","author":"Abdelmeguid","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023040512115886500_","first-page":"2017","article-title":"Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil of Nigella sativa seeds from Beni mellal (Morocco): What is the most important part, essential oil or the rest of seeds?","volume":"5","author":"Ainane","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mater Environ Sci"},{"key":"2023040512115886500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16807-0_135","volume-title":"Nigella sativa L. 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