{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T13:05:51Z","timestamp":1758891951616,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08 AR060164-01A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08 AR060164-01A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-16-1-0725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-16-1-0725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Traumatic peripheral nerve injuries (TPNIs) are increasingly prevalent in battlefield trauma, and the functional recovery with TPNIs depends on axonal continuity. Although the physical examination is the main tool for clinical diagnosis with diagnostic work up, there is no diagnostic tool available to differentiate nerve injuries based on axonal continuity. Therefore, treatment often relies on \u201cwatchful waiting,\u201d and this leads to muscle weakness and further reduces the chances of functional recovery. 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) is clinically used in multiple sclerosis patients for walking performance improvement. Preliminary results in conscious mice suggested a diagnostic role of 4-AP in distinguishing axonal continuity. In this study, we thought to evaluate the diagnostic potential of 4-AP on the axonal continuity in unawake\/sedated animals.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rat sciatic nerve crush and transection injuries were used in this study. Briefly, rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and mechanically ventilated with oxygen-balanced vaporized isoflurane. Sciatic nerve and triceps surae muscles were exposed by blunt dissection, and a stimulating electrode was placed under a sciatic nerve proximal to the crush injury. A force transducer measured muscle tension response to electrical stimulation of sciatic nerve. Muscle response was measured before crush, after crush, and 30 minutes after systemic 4-AP (150 \u00b5g\/kg) or local (4-AP)-poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG) treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found that both crush and transection injuries in sciatic nerve completely abolished muscle response to electrical stimulation. Single dose of systemic 4-AP and local (4-AP)-PLGA-PEG treatment with crush injury significantly restored muscle responses to electrical stimulation after 30 minutes of administration. However, systemic 4-AP treatment had no effect on muscle response after nerve transection. These results clearly demonstrate that 4-AP can restore nerve conduction and produce muscle response within minutes of administration only when there is a nerve continuity, even in the sedated animal.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conclude that 4-AP could be a promising diagnostic agent in differentiating TPNI based on axonal continuity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaa310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T01:50:34Z","timestamp":1611625834000},"page":"479-485","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["4-Aminopyridine: A Single-Dose Diagnostic Agent to Differentiate Axonal Continuity in Nerve Injuries"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Anagha A","family":"Gurjar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation,\u00a0Center for Orthopaedics and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen M","family":"Manto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation,\u00a0Center for Orthopaedics and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan A","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart and Vascular Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart and Vascular Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongxiao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M A Hassan","family":"Talukder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation,\u00a0Center for Orthopaedics and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John C","family":"Elfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation,\u00a0Center for Orthopaedics and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. 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