{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T03:02:22Z","timestamp":1706583742254},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1-2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation is a critical concern for those serving in the U.S. Military. Work and mission requirements predispose members to significant sun exposure, while sun-protective behavior often comes second to mission accomplishment. Prior research implicated institutional practices and constraints as preventing the routine use of sun protection modalities, but no large-scale studies have assessed service members\u2019 perceptions regarding sun protection modalities available to them in their work environment or their daily sun protection practices.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study employed a cross-sectional survey distributed to active duty (AD) U.S. Navy service members assigned to 1 of 19 aircraft squadrons based in Southern California and deployed on missions across the Pacific theater of operations. The intent was to evaluate rates of sunburn, sun-protective practices, and perceptions regarding sun exposure and prevention practices in their workplace. The study and survey tool received approval from the Naval Medical Center San Diego Institutional Review Board. Statistical analysis of survey answers was performed to assess for trends in response rates overall and response rates within sociodemographic groups. Pearson\u2019s chi-squared tests were utilized to assess for significance where appropriate. P-values &amp;lt;.05 were used to determine statistically significant trends in response rates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>One thousand surveys were distributed, of which 896 surveys were completed. The response rate was 89.6%. Eight hundred and eighty-eight surveys were included in the analysis. The surveyed population was consistent with the demographics of the U.S. Navy as a whole. 55.1% of survey respondents reported sunburn within the past year, higher than the rate reported in a previously surveyed civilian population. Reports of sunburn within the past year were not significantly different in regard to gender (P\u2009=\u2009.88), age (P\u2009=\u2009.53), and years of AD (P\u2009=\u2009.48). Increasing rank did show a significant correlation with reports of sunburn (P\u2009=\u2009.0) (Table S1). 62.2% of those surveyed reported frequent\/routine use of some form of sun protection. This was lower than the rate reported in a previously surveyed civilian population. A large majority of service members surveyed (75.9%) reported using sunscreen with a sun protection factor &amp;gt;15.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>29.1% of survey respondents reported working in direct sunlight always\/almost always. This was lower than the rates reported in a previously surveyed U.S. Air Force population of aviation maintainers. Low rates of respondents reported frequent reminders to use sun protection (18.9%), and fewer reported the routine or frequent use of sunscreen while at work (12.3%). A higher percentage reported regular use of sunscreen during outdoor leisure activities (36.5%), suggesting a barrier to use in the workplace.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>U.S. Military personnel report higher rates of sunburn and lower rates of routine use of sun protection practices compared to a previously surveyed civilian population. The overall rates of sun protection use while in the work setting are low both overall and compared to reports of routine use during outdoor leisure activities. Reported rates of reminders to use sunscreen are low, suggesting that increased education regarding the risk of excessive sun exposure and tools for effective sun protection are still needed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T06:46:40Z","timestamp":1616395600000},"page":"167-173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sun Exposure Prevention Practices Within U.S. Naval Aviation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Willis H","family":"Lyford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Crotty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas Fred","family":"Logemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2022010614361003900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2008.09.001","article-title":"Melanoma epidemiology and trends","volume":"27","author":"Garbe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"2022010614361003900_R2","article-title":"Skin cancer","author":"American Academy of Dermatology","year":"2011"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022010614361003900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.12.1541","article-title":"Sun exposure, sun protection and vitamin D","volume":"294","author":"Robinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022010614361003900_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.11.062","article-title":"Skin cancer in the military: a systematic review of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer incidence, prevention, and screening among active duty and veteran personnel","volume":"78","author":"Reimenschneider","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022010614361003900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0869","article-title":"Melanoma incidence rates among whites in the U.S. Military","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022010614361003900_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(99)00050-2","article-title":"A comparison of melanoma mortality among WWII veterans of the Pacific and European theaters","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022010614361003900_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-13-00356","article-title":"Melanoma incidence rates in active duty personnel compared with a population-based registry in the United States, 2000-2007","volume":"179","author":"Lea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2022010614361003900_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.238","article-title":"Skin cancer risk factors and preventative behaviors among United States military veterans deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan","volume":"135","author":"Powers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2022010614361003900_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1984.tb01228.x","article-title":"Malignant melanoma in World War II veterans","volume":"23","author":"Brown","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"2022010614361003900_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(93)70102-Y","article-title":"High prevalence of skin cancer in World War II servicemen stationed in the Pacific theater","volume":"28","author":"Ramani","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022010614361003900_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-14-00091","article-title":"Sun exposure knowledge and practices survey of maintenance squadrons at Travis AFB","volume":"180","author":"Parker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022010614361003900_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.01.049","article-title":"Commentary: skin cancer in the military","volume":"78","author":"Wisco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022010614361003900_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-009-9219-2","article-title":"Skin cancer-related prevention and screening behaviors: a review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Kasparian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"2022010614361003900_R14","volume-title":"Survey Description, National Health Interview Survey, 2015","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"2015"},{"key":"2022010614361003900_R15","article-title":"Healthy people 2020 topics and objectives: cancer","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services"},{"key":"2022010614361003900_R16","volume-title":"2018 Demographics: Profile of the Military Community","author":"Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Military Community and Family Policy","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022010614361003900_R17","article-title":"Cancer trends progress report: sun protective behavior: 2015 update","author":"National Cancer Institute"},{"key":"2022010614361003900_R18","article-title":"Cancer trends progress report: sunburn: 2015 update","author":"National Cancer Institute"},{"key":"2022010614361003900_R19","article-title":"National health interview survey: 2015 cancer control supplemental survey","author":"National Cancer Institute"}],"container-title":["Military Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/187\/1-2\/167\/42076969\/usab099.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/187\/1-2\/167\/42076969\/usab099.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T14:39:26Z","timestamp":1641479966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article\/187\/1-2\/167\/6179513"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usab099","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-4075","1930-613X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-4075","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-613X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]}}}