{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T13:31:41Z","timestamp":1793367101132,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1-2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Regulations of the United States Air Force (USAF) prohibit male members from growing beards. Shaving waivers can be issued to airmen who are not able to shave due to various medical conditions such as pseudofolliculitis barbae, a condition that predominantly affects Blacks\/African-Americans. Beard growth has been anecdotally associated with a negative impact on career progression. This study sought to establish if shaving waivers are associated with delays in promotion and, if present, if this association leads to racial bias.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An online survey that collected information relating to shaving waivers and demographic data was emailed to all air force male members at 12 randomly selected air force bases. Generalized linear models were conducted to test the waiver group difference in promotion time controlling for rank and the covariates of race\/ethnicity, level of education, professional military education completion, and disciplinary action.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 51,703 survey invitations were emailed to members, and 10,383 complete responses were received (20.08% response rate). The demographics of the study cohort closely matched that of the USAF. Shaving waivers were associated with a longer time to promotion (P\u2009=\u2009.0003). The interaction between race and waiver status was not significant, indicating that shaving waivers are associated with a similarly longer time to promotion in individuals of all races. However, 64.18% of those in the waiver group were Black\/African-American despite only being 12.85% of the study cohort.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study found an association between shaving waivers and delayed promotions. The majority of the waiver group was Black\/African-American, which may lead to a racially discriminatory effect of the male grooming standards of the USAF.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T03:34:05Z","timestamp":1625542445000},"page":"e242-e247","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Shaving Waivers in the United States Air Force and Their Impact on Promotions of Black\/African-American Members"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University , Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jisuk","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"59th Medical Wing Clinical Research Division , JBSA-Lackland, TX 78236, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Banta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"31st Fighter Wing, Aviano Air Base , 33080, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"155th Medical Group , Lincoln, NE 68524, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"86th Medical Group, Ramstein Air Base , 66877, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University , Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Garnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bedesbach , 66885, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Beachkofsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University , Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2023010800060228300_R1","first-page":"246","article-title":"Pseudofolliculitis barbae: a review of current treatment options","volume":"18","author":"Nussbaum","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"2023010800060228300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S113","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.120789","article-title":"Defining pseudofolliculitis barbae in 2001: a review of the literature and current trends","volume":"46","author":"Perry","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023010800060228300_R3","first-page":"459","article-title":"Pseudofolliculitis barbae in the Military. A medical, administrative and social problem","volume":"66","author":"Alexander","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"2023010800060228300_R4","article-title":"AFPC\/DP3AM: Special duty catalog guide"},{"key":"2023010800060228300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaa554","article-title":"Perceptions of shaving profiles and their potential impacts on career progression in the United States Air Force [published online December 17, 2020]","author":"Banta","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2023010800060228300_R6","article-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023010800060228300_R7","article-title":"Miller A, Church AMU: Air Force and Space Force Almanac","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010800060228300_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2017.1416388","article-title":"Influence of facial hair length, coarseness, and areal density on seal leakage of a tight-fitting half-face respirator","volume":"15","author":"Floyd","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023010800060228300_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.01.006","article-title":"A close shave? Performance of P2\/N95 respirators in healthcare workers with facial hair: results of the BEARDS (BEnchmarking Adequate Respiratory DefenceS) study","volume":"104","author":"Sandaradura","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023010800060228300_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13109","article-title":"The effect of administration mode on CAHPS survey response rates and results: a comparison of mail and web-based approaches","volume":"54","author":"Fowler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2023010800060228300_R11","article-title":"SAF\/IGS: Independent racial disparity review"}],"container-title":["Military Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/188\/1-2\/e242\/48494307\/usab272.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/188\/1-2\/e242\/48494307\/usab272.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T00:06:54Z","timestamp":1673136414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article\/188\/1-2\/e242\/6315916"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usab272","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-4075","1930-613X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-4075","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-613X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]}}}