{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:06:51Z","timestamp":1791421611140,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Defense Congressionally Directed Medical Research","award":["81XWH-18-1-0707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81XWH-18-1-0707"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multitasking typically requires an individual to simultaneously process cognitive information while performing a motor task. Cognitive motor interference (CMi) is encountered when cognitive challenges negatively impact motor task performance. Military personnel encounter cognitively taxing situations, especially during combat or other tactical performance scenarios, which may lead to injury or motor performance deficits (i.e., shooting inaccuracy, delayed stimulus\u2013response time, and slowed movement speed). The purpose of the current study was to develop four cognitive motor shooting paradigms to determine the effects of cognitive load on shooting performance in healthy Reserve Officers\u2019 Training Corps (ROTC) cadets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-two healthy collegiate ROTC members (24 male and 8 female; 20.47\u2009\u00b1\u20091.24\u2009years, 174.95\u2009\u00b1\u200910.58\u2009cm, and 77.99\u2009\u00b1\u200913.90\u2009kg) were recruited to complete four simulated shooting tasks with additional \u201cmotor\u201d challenge (180\u00b0 turn, gait, weighted, and unweighted landing) and with and without a \u201ccognitive\u201d decision-making challenge requiring response selection and inhibition to both auditory and visual stimuli, totaling eight multi-task cognitive motor shooting conditions. The current study was approved by the university\u2019s Institutional Review Board. Task initiation (seconds), task completion (seconds), and number of misses were calculated to determine marksmanship efficiency and accuracy. For each task, a multivariate repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted for the combined dependent variables. If the overall multivariate repeated-measures ANOVA was significant, follow-up univariate ANOVAs were conducted for each dependent variable. Alpha was set at \u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05 for all analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Task initiation increased for the cognitive condition for the 180\u00b0 turn (4.29\u2009\u00b1\u20091.22\u2009seconds baseline, 5.09\u2009\u00b1\u20091.39\u2009seconds cognitive; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05), gait (2.76\u2009\u00b1\u2009.60\u2009seconds baseline, 3.93\u2009\u00b1\u2009.62\u2009seconds cognitive; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05), unweighted (1.27\u2009\u00b1\u2009.57\u2009seconds baseline, 3.39\u2009\u00b1\u2009.63\u2009seconds cognitive; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05), and weighted landing (1.46\u2009\u00b1\u2009.72\u2009seconds baseline, 3.35\u2009\u00b1\u2009.60\u2009seconds cognitive; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05). Task completion time increased for the cognitive condition for the 180\u00b0 turn (3.48\u2009\u00b1\u20091.53\u2009seconds baseline, 4.85\u2009\u00b1\u20091.24\u2009seconds cognitive; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05), gait (7.84\u2009\u00b1\u20092.07\u2009seconds baseline, 9.23\u2009\u00b1\u20091.76\u2009seconds cognitive; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05), unweighted (5.98\u2009\u00b1\u20091.55\u2009seconds baseline, 7.45\u2009\u00b1\u20091.51\u2009seconds cognitive; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05), and weighted landing (6.09\u2009\u00b1\u20091.42\u2009seconds baseline, 7.25\u2009\u00b1\u20091.79\u2009seconds cognitive; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the number of misses for any of the tasks between conditions (P\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The addition of a cognitive load increased both task initiation and task completion times during cognitive motor simulated shooting. Adding cognitive loads to tactical performance tasks can result in CMi and negatively impact tactical performance. Thus, consideration for additional cognitive challenges into training may be warranted to reduce the potential CMi effect on tactical performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]],"date-time":"2021-07-10T03:48:34Z","timestamp":1625888914000},"page":"e898-e905","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cognitive Load Impairs Time to Initiate and Complete Shooting Tasks in ROTC Members"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Sean","family":"Buckley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University , Athens, OH 45701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Chaput","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University , Athens, OH 45701, 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