{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:39:52Z","timestamp":1785307192613,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]],"date-time":"2021-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key logistics scientific project of PLA","award":["ALJ19J001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALJ19J001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Training combat personnel in combat first-aid skills has faced many challenges over time, such as the need to combine tactics with medicine and to overcome combat personnel\u2019s lack of medical background knowledge. Therefore, many simulation methods are currently being developed, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages. In this study, a combined simulation method involving live\u2013actor patients using a wearable training apparatus was developed, and the effects of this method were observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Focusing on the major causes of preventable deaths among victims killed in action, wearable training apparatuses simulating massive hemorrhage, airway obstruction, and tension pneumothorax were designed and produced. Methods of simulating these three injury types using live\u2013actor patients with these training apparatuses were developed, and medical teachers evaluated the simulation effects. The live\u2013actor patients were incorporated into a tactical scenario to train and test nonmedical and medical students in year 3, respectively. High-fidelity simulator-based training and traditional training without simulation served as the control. A post-training survey using a 7-point Likert scale evaluated the trainees\u2019 feelings toward these training approaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three types of training apparatuses were developed to simulate three life-threatening injuries, and the simulation effects of the live\u2013actor patients using these apparatuses were highly recognized by medical teachers. Both live\u2013actor patients and high-fidelity simulator-based training improved performance significantly more than traditional training. However, the improvement due to training with live\u2013actor patients was greater than that due to high-fidelity simulator-based training for nonmedical students, whereas there was no difference between these two simulation methods for medical students. A post-training survey revealed that all the trainees were confident in practicing first-aid skills after training, and they all agreed that live\u2013actor patients could combine tactical situations with first aid better than high-fidelity simulators. The nonmedical students strongly agreed that live\u2013actor patients were more helpful in the training of injury evaluation than high-fidelity simulators.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The method using wearable training apparatus-based live\u2013actor patients was satisfying and effective for teaching life-saving combat first-aid skills, especially for nonmedical students.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]],"date-time":"2021-07-17T17:40:42Z","timestamp":1626543642000},"page":"757-763","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Method for Teaching Life-Saving Combat First-Aid Skills With live\u2013actor Patients Using a Wearable Training Apparatus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Mingrui","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department for Combat Casualty Care Training, Training Base for Army Health Care, Army Medical University , Chongqing 400038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijun","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department for Combat Casualty Care Training, Training Base for Army Health Care, Army Medical University , Chongqing 400038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaowen","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department for Combat Casualty Care Training, Training Base for Army Health Care, Army Medical University , Chongqing 400038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renqing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department for Combat Casualty 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