{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T21:59:07Z","timestamp":1755035947791},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7-8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The overall rate of obesity is rising in the USA; this is also reflected in the military population. It is important that providers appropriately diagnose obesity and discuss treatment options with their patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to investigate diagnosis of obesity compared to documented body mass index (BMI) in the military health system.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Institutional review board approval was obtained by the 59th Medical Wing (Lackland Air Force Base, Texas) as an exempt study. This study included active duty military service members aged 18-65\u00a0years who sought outpatient care at a military treatment facility from September 2013 to August 2018 with a weight within the range of 31.8-226.8\u2009kg and height between 121.9 and 215.9\u2009cm. Data were collected from the Clinical Data Repository vitals and M2 encounter data to determine the percentage of each sub-population with a diagnosis of obesity according to BMI (\u226530\u2009kg\/m2) and International Classification of Diseases diagnosis codes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using BMI, 19.2% of female and 26.8% of male service members can be diagnosed with obesity; however, only 42.2% and 35.1%, respectively, with a BMI \u226530 was diagnosed as such. This discrepancy was consistent among all service branches and BMI ranges.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study demonstrates that obesity is underdiagnosed compared to BMI. This may result in insufficient resources being provided to patients to reduce weight. Further investigation is warranted to identify causes of underdiagnosis and potential barriers to diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T04:39:19Z","timestamp":1627015159000},"page":"e948-e954","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Diagnosis of Obesity in the Military Health System Active Duty Population"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Daren","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center , Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Beauvais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Eisenhower Army Medical Center , Fort Gordon, GA 30905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Whitney L","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Innovation, Enterprise Intelligence and Data Solutions PMO, Defense Health Agency , Falls Church, VA 22042, USA"},{"name":"Diabetes Center of Excellence, Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center , Lackland AFB, TX 78236, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darrick","family":"Beckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center of Excellence, Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center , Lackland AFB, TX 78236, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Estes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center , Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center of Excellence, Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center , Lackland AFB, TX 78236, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Wardian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center of Excellence, Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center , Lackland AFB, TX 78236, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2022070112164802900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2012.25","article-title":"Overweight and obesity in military personnel: sociodemographic predictors","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022070112164802900_R2","first-page":"9","article-title":"Update: diagnoses of overweight and obesity, active component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2011-2015","volume":"23","author":"Clark","year":"2016","journal-title":"MSMR"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022070112164802900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.08.033","article-title":"Overweight and obesity trends among active duty military personnel: a 13-year perspective","volume":"48","author":"Reyes-Guzman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070112164802900_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170144","article-title":"Body mass index at accession and incident cardiometabolic risk factors in US Army soldiers, 2001\u20132011","volume":"12","author":"Hruby","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"2022070112164802900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.08.003","article-title":"Associations of age, aerobic fitness, and body mass index with injury in an operational Army brigade","volume":"20","author":"Rappole","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"11","key":"2022070112164802900_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-51.6.02","article-title":"Association of physical inactivity, weight, smoking, and prior injury on physical performance in a military setting","volume":"51","author":"Teyhen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2022070112164802900_R7","first-page":"S41","volume":"22","author":"American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, Obesity Expert Panel, 2013: Expert Panel Report: Guidelines (2013) for the management of overweight and obesity in adults","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022070112164802900_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000247008.19127.3e","article-title":"Body mass index as a predictor of percent fat in college athletes and nonathletes","volume":"39","author":"Ode","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022070112164802900_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2005.01.008","article-title":"College athletes with an elevated body mass index often have a high upper arm muscle area, but not elevated triceps and subscapular skinfolds","volume":"105","author":"Witt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"2022070112164802900_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2015.06.003","article-title":"Does body mass index misclassify physically active young men","volume":"2","author":"Grier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022070112164802900_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000220","article-title":"Agreement between BMI and body fat obesity definitions in a physically active population","volume":"60","author":"Porto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022070112164802900_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1792","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-16-00202","article-title":"Misperceptions of weight status in military men and women","volume":"182","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2022070112164802900_R13","volume-title":"DoD Physical Fitness and Body Fat Programs Procedures","author":"DoD Instructions 1308.3","year":"2002"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022070112164802900_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1816","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-16-00380","article-title":"Motivations for weight loss among active duty military personnel","volume":"182","author":"Maclin-Akinyemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2022070112164802900_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e120","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usy199","article-title":"Characteristics associated with participation in a behavioral weight loss randomized control trial in the U.S. military","volume":"184","author":"Fahey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070112164802900_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22054","article-title":"Perceptions of barriers to effective obesity care: results from the national ACTION study","volume":"26","author":"Kaplan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070112164802900_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4338\/ACI-2016-07-RA-0115","article-title":"The prevalence of obesity documentation in primary care electronic medical records","volume":"26","author":"Mattar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Clin Inform"},{"key":"2022070112164802900_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2055207620918715","article-title":"Weighing the odds: assessing underdiagnosis of adult obesity via electronic medical record problem list omissions","author":"Kapoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digital Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022070112164802900_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.653","article-title":"Adult obesity and office-based quality of care in the United States","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022070112164802900_R20","first-page":"619","article-title":"Suboptimal identification of obesity by family physicians","volume":"15","author":"Melamed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022070112164802900_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.4065\/82.8.927","article-title":"Diagnosis of obesity by primary care physicians and impact on obesity management","volume":"82","author":"Bardia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"}],"container-title":["Military Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/187\/7-8\/e948\/44369523\/usab292.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article-pdf\/187\/7-8\/e948\/44369523\/usab292.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T12:17:47Z","timestamp":1656677867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/milmed\/article\/187\/7-8\/e948\/6325753"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7-8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usab292","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-4075","1930-613X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-4075","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-613X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]}}}