{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T21:34:25Z","timestamp":1779399265134,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3-4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>There is an ongoing opioid epidemic in the USA, and the U.S. military is not immune to the health threat. To combat the epidemic, the Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans\u2019 Affairs (DVA) issued new clinical practice guidelines and launched the Opioid Safety Initiative aimed at reducing opioid prescriptions. Furthermore, the DoD continually refined opioid protocols for acute pain on the battlefield, evolving from intramuscular morphine to intravenous morphine administration to oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate lollipops (Actiq) to finally sublingual sufentanil tablets (SSTs, Dsuvia). Interestingly, the newest introduction of SSTs into the military sparked great controversy, as there are concerns over the drug\u2019s potential for misuse. However, although the opioid crisis may understandably foster an aversion to new candidate opioids, the therapeutic benefits of effective opioids in acute trauma settings should not be overlooked. SSTs may offer an improved analgesic option to meet the battlefield\u2019s unmet needs with its non-invasive, sublingual delivery system and favorable pharmacologic properties that mitigate the risk for side effects, addiction, and adverse outcomes. Accordingly, this commentary aims to (1) review the evolution of opioid use on the battlefield and discuss the medical benefits and limitations of SSTs in acute trauma settings, (2) highlight the importance of chronic pain management post-deployment through evidence-based non-opioid modalities, and (3) explore avenues of future research. Ultimately, we propose that SSTs are an important improvement from existing battlefield opioids and that refining, not abandoning, opioid usage will be key to effectively managing pain in the military.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T14:56:47Z","timestamp":1632927407000},"page":"77-83","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Newest Battlefield Opioid, Sublingual Sufentanil: A Proposal to Refine Opioid Usage in the U.S. Military"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4494-6418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon Y","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MA 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chester C","family":"Buckenmaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MA 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmund G","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MA 20814, USA"},{"name":"Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MA 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2884-4996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwang H","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed 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