{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:34:39Z","timestamp":1791466479793,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7-8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Many active duty service members and their health care providers feel that the current body mass index (BMI) standard for diagnosing obesity, BMI \u226530\u2009kg\/m2, may unfairly overclassify as obese those with higher muscle mass. Unfortunately, a closer look at the data available for service members repeatedly demonstrates the exact opposite: we are actually underestimating the rates of obesity in service members using current BMI cutoffs when compared with body fat mass as measured by either dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry or bioelectrical impedance analysis as the gold standard. Using a lower BMI threshold and refining positive results via history, exam, labs, and\/or more specific measurements of body composition would more accurately estimate body fat percentage in active duty service members while remaining convenient and scalable. Given the current obesity epidemic in our nation, this suggests the critical need for new approaches to screening, as well as treatment, of overweight and obesity in our military to improve service readiness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T03:23:59Z","timestamp":1634873039000},"page":"201-203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Overweight BMI (25\u201329) in Active Duty Military: Excess Fat or More Lean Mass? A Look at the Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3506-0375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip G","family":"Clerc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, David Grant Medical Center , Fairfield, CA 94533, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie B","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMC and Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA 23249, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sky","family":"Graybill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Brooke Army Medical Center , Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022070112170821700_R1","volume-title":"2018 Health Related Behaviors Survey: Health Promotion and Disease Prevention among the Active Component","author":"Meadows","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022070112170821700_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab292","article-title":"Relationship between body mass index and diagnosis of obesity in the military health system active duty population","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022070112170821700_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1792","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-16-00202","article-title":"Misperceptions of weight status in military men and women","volume":"182","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022070112170821700_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000247008.19127.3e","article-title":"Body mass index as a predictor of percent fat in college athletes and nonathletes","volume":"39","author":"Ode","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022070112170821700_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000360","article-title":"Current body composition measurement techniques","volume":"24","author":"Lemos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022070112170821700_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.5","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Okorodudu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070112170821700_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69498-7","article-title":"The performance of anthropometric tools to determine obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Sommer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070112170821700_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.173.1.67","article-title":"Obesity classification in military personnel: a comparison of body fat, waist circumference, and body mass index measurements","volume":"173","author":"Heinrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2022070112170821700_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132157","article-title":"Comparison of body composition assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and BMI in current and former U.S. Navy service members","volume":"10","author":"Gasier","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022070112170821700_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2015.06.003","article-title":"Does body mass index misclassify physically active young men","volume":"2","author":"Grier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022070112170821700_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22675","article-title":"Comparison of anthropometric measures in US military personnel in the classification of overweight and obesity","volume":"28","author":"Shams-White","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2022070112170821700_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usx053","article-title":"Comparison of body composition metrics for United States Air Force Airmen","volume":"183","author":"Griffith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"2022070112170821700_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4158\/EP161365.GL","article-title":"Reviewers of the AACE\/ACE obesity clinical practice guidelines. 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