{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T20:47:41Z","timestamp":1740170861144,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While risk factors for severe COVID-19 infections have been well explored among the public, population-specific studies for the U.S. Veteran community are limited in the literature. By performing a comprehensive analysis of the demographics, comorbidities, and symptomatology of a population of COVID-19 positive Veterans Affairs (VA) patients, we aim to uncover predictors of death, survival, need for intubation, and need for nasal cannula oxygen support among this understudied community.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A retrospective review was conducted of 124 COVID-19 Veteran patients who were admitted from March to October 2020 to the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (IRB#2020-000272). Chi-square and Fisher\u2019s exact tests were employed to assess differences in baseline demographic and clinical variables between Veterans who survived COVID-19 versus those who succumbed to COVID-19 illness. Multivariate logistic regression and Cox regression analyses were employed to assess predictors of outcome variables, including death, survival, need for intubation, and need for oxygen support (via nasal cannula). Covariates included a wide range of demographic, comorbidity-related, symptom-related, and summary index variables.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our study population consisted of primarily senior (average age was 73) Caucasian and African American (52.5% and 40.7%, respectively) Veterans. Bivariate analyses indicated that need for intubation was significantly associated with mortality (P\u2009=\u20090.002). Multivariate analyses revealed that age (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001, adjusted odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20091.16), dyspnea (P\u2009=\u20090.015, OR\u2009=\u20097.73), anorexia (P\u2009=\u20090.022, OR\u2009=\u200916.55), initial disease severity as classified by WHO (P\u2009=\u20090.031, OR\u2009=\u20094.55), and having more than one of the three most common comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, and cardiac disease) and symptoms (cough, fever, and dyspnea) among our sample (P\u2009=\u20090.009; OR\u2009=\u200919.07) were independent predictors of death. Furthermore, age (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001, hazard ratio (HR)\u2009=\u20091.14), cerebrovascular disease (P\u2009=\u20090.022, HR\u2009=\u20093.76), dyspnea (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001, HR\u2009=\u20097.71), anorexia (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001, HR\u2009=\u200916.75), and initial disease severity as classified by WHO (P\u2009=\u20090.025, HR\u2009=\u20093.30) were independent predictors of poor survival. Finally, dyspnea reliably predicted need for intubation (P\u2009=\u20090.019; OR\u2009=\u200929.65).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Several independent predictors of death, survival, and need for intubation were identified. These risk factors may provide guidelines for risk-stratifying Veterans upon admission to VA hospitals. Additional investigations of COVID-19 prognosis should be conducted on the larger U.S. Veteran population to confirm our findings and add to the current body of literature.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T21:27:45Z","timestamp":1644355665000},"page":"1276-1284","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors of Death, Survival, Need for Intubation, and Need for Oxygen Support Among Admitted COVID-19 Patients of the Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"188","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2032-3141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong-Ho","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tara J","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Veterans Affairs Greater Los, Angeles Healthcare System , Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice C","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Statistical Consulting Group, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Orshansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System , Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jivianne T","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Veterans Affairs Greater Los, Angeles Healthcare System , Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2023051613493034700_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges","volume":"55","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"author":"CDC COVID Data 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