{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T20:48:04Z","timestamp":1740170884672,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Several previous studies have reported that hypoxia accidents of fighter pilots are rarer than gravity-induced loss of consciousness and spatial disorientation; however, the risk is greater. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical fitness and body composition on time of useful consciousness (TUC) in hypobaric hypoxia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Body composition and physical fitness testing on human participants were performed; subsequently, they were exposed to hypobaric hypoxia at a simulated altitude of 25,000\u2009ft. Cognitive testing of the participants was accomplished by having them perform arithmetic task tables until they stopped writing for a period exceeding 5\u2009seconds, at which point, they were placed on 100% oxygen. TUC was measured from the time the participants removed their oxygen masks to the time when the oxygen masks were placed back on them. Pearson\u2019s correlation was used to determine the relationship between TUC and other variables, and multiple regression was performed to determine the independent variables that best explain the TUC.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>TUC was positively correlated with the maximum oxygen uptake, stroke volume, arteriovenous oxygen difference, and endurance (sit-up and push-up). The maximum heart rate on the ground, high altitude, body fat mass, and percent body fat were negatively correlated with TUC. A regression analysis showed that 84.5% of the TUC can be explained by body composition and physical fitness.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our results revealed that increased cardiorespiratory fitness and decreased body fat mass could significantly impact the TUC. Therefore, for Air Force pilots who are frequently at high altitudes and at risk for exposure to hypoxia, aerobic exercise is significant to hypoxia tolerance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usac412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T15:39:38Z","timestamp":1672414778000},"page":"e2082-e2088","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effects of Body Composition, Physical Fitness on Time of Useful Consciousness in Hypobaric Hypoxia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Keunsoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Korea Air Force Academy , Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28187, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Korea Air Force Academy , Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28187, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"On","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Sports Science , Nowon-gu, Seoul 01794, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jungjun","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Seoul National University , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2636-0763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungwoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Korea Air Force Academy , Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28187, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2023072301102878300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00094.2013","article-title":"A strategy for in-flight measurements of physiology of pilots of high-performance fighter aircraft","volume":"115","author":"West","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023072301102878300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1089\/1527029041352054","article-title":"High altitude cerebral edema","volume":"5","author":"Hackett","year":"2004","journal-title":"High Alt Med Biol"},{"key":"2023072301102878300_R3","first-page":"530","article-title":"Mood states at 1600 and 4300 meters terrestrial altitude","volume":"59","author":"Shukitt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023072301102878300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2016.1234685","article-title":"Pilot physiology, cognition and flight performance during flight simulation exposed to a 3810-m hypoxic condition","volume":"23","author":"Peacock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Occup Saf Ergon"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023072301102878300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2009.00744.x","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced changes in recovery sleep, core body temperature, urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin and free cortisol after a simulated long-duration flight","volume":"18","author":"Coste","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023072301102878300_R6","first-page":"169","article-title":"In-flight hypoxia incidents in military aircraft: causes and implications for training","volume":"74","author":"Cable","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"article-title":"Report on Aircraft Oxygen Generation","year":"2012","author":"U.S. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board","key":"2023072301102878300_R7"},{"article-title":"F-22 Pilot\u2019s Death May Offer Clues in Hypoxia Mystery","year":"2017","author":"Seligman","key":"2023072301102878300_R8"},{"key":"2023072301102878300_R9","volume-title":"Aerospace Medicine","author":"Randel","year":"1971","edition":"2nd"},{"article-title":"Physiological Training. 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