{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T20:48:21Z","timestamp":1740170901302,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9-10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Finnish Defence Forces Joint Healthcare"},{"name":"Finnish Defence Forces Joint Healthcare"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Finnish military divers perform a great variety of tasks all year round, all of which require good physical health and fitness. Poor physical fitness can hinder the ability to cope with different situations. A high body fat percentage has been suggested to increase the risk of decompression sickness, whereas low muscle mass has been associated with an increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders and trauma. However, a low-fat composition may render divers vulnerable to cold and hypothermia during a dive in cold Arctic conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible changes in body composition of Finnish military divers during a 15-year follow-up period (2007-2021).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used body composition measures from military divers\u2019 fit-to-dive evaluations from the Finnish Defence Forces\u2019 Diving Medical Centre. Measurements were taken with two bioimpedance devices that function based on the electrical conductivity properties of the human body. The data from both devices were compared with Bland\u2013Altman plots to show that the devices produced congruent data and the results from both devices could be included in the study. Possible changes in body composition were evaluated with a linear mixed model with random intercepts and slopes for each variable.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Results from the two bioimpedance devices showed no significant differences. This allowed us to combine the results in the same data analysis. There were no apparent differences in the age of the divers between the years during the follow-up. The majority of the divers were between 25 and 30\u2009years of age. Age correlated significantly with most measures, the clinically most significant being a higher fat percentage in older divers. However, all measures were within target values defined by the Diving Medical Centre. The divers were able to retain sufficient muscle mass in all age groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>According to this study, Finnish military divers have managed to maintain a surprisingly good muscle mass in all age groups despite body composition changes due to aging in older subjects. A slight increase in fat mass can be observed with increasing age; nevertheless, the values have remained within fit-to-dive target levels. The current training routines of Finnish military divers are adequate for maintaining solid physical fitness and body composition over the course of the diving career.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usad401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T18:59:58Z","timestamp":1698260398000},"page":"2023-2029","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A 15-Year Longitudinal Study of\u00a0Body Composition in\u00a0Finnish Military Divers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"189","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2288-8106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard V","family":"Lundell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Field Medicine Services Unit, Centre for Military Medicine, Finnish Defence Forces , Riihim\u00e4ki 11311, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland, and Helsinki University , Helsinki 00860, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Helsinki University , Helsinki 00014, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ray","family":"Saarelainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diving Medical Centre, Centre for Military Medicine, Finnish Defence Forces , Kirkkonummi 02470, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai I","family":"Parkkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland, and Helsinki University , Helsinki 00860, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Helsinki University , Helsinki 00014, Finland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University , Tampere 33100, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomi K","family":"Wuorimaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diving Medical Centre, Centre for Military Medicine, 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