{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:24:52Z","timestamp":1787761492772,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Surgeon General's Health Research Program","award":["SGHRP 2020-02-024-010-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGHRP 2020-02-024-010-0001"]}]},{"name":"The Surgeon General's Health Research Program","award":["SGHRP 2020-02-024-010-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGHRP 2020-02-024-010-0001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Musculoskeletal injuries (MSKI) impact military organizations by threatening their operational readiness, warranting investigation into relevant factors to inform risk reduction strategies. While several self-reported and physical performance measures have been associated with MSKI among military personnel, few have been validated and none have been reported in Canadian basic infantry candidates. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between self-reported and physical performance measures and MSKI, and determine their validity as predictors of MSKI, in Canadian basic infantry candidates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This was a planned secondary analysis of a study tracking MSKI at a basic infantry training facility in Ontario, Canada approved by Defence Research &amp; Development Canada. Before the basic infantry training, consenting candidates completed a baseline testing session including self-reported questionnaires, measures of anthropometry, and physical performance previously associated with MSKI (ankle dorsiflexion test, Y-Balance Test, Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull, and the Fitness for Operational Requirements of CAF Employment (FORCE) evaluation). All MSKI reported by candidates were diagnosed by licensed healthcare providers. From a total sample of 129 candidates, 76% (n\u2009=\u200998) were used to determine any associations between baseline testing variables and MSKI and to develop a predictive model (Development Sample), while 24% (n\u2009=\u200933) were used to offer preliminary validation of the same predictive model (Validation Sample). The binary logistic regression and independent sample t-testing determined independent associations with MSKI in the Development Sample. All continuous variables and dichotomous variables previously associated with MSKI risk (Smoker Yes\/No, previous history of MSKI, and physical inactivity) were entered into a backward stepwise logistic regression analysis to assess the predictive association with MSKI incidence in the Development Sample. The regression model was then applied to the Validation Sample.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 35 MSKI were diagnosed by Health Services Centre staff. The majority of the MSKI were acute (63%), sustained to the hip, knee, and ankle (74%). The most common diagnoses were strains and sprains (71%). Uninjured participants performed significantly better on the Relative Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull, FORCE 20\u2009mR, FORCE ILS, and FORCE Estimated VO2peak compared to injured participants. Logistic regression analysis showed that the only variable with significant independent association with diagnosed MSKI incidence was self-reported previous history of MSKI. However, the backward stepwise logistic regression analysis retained self-reported previous history of MSKI, FORCE SBD, FORCE Estimated VO2peak, and Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull Peak Force as predictors of MKSI. The logistic regression model including these variables could predict MSKI with an accuracy of 79% in the Development Sample and 67% in the Validation Sample.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study provides preliminary support for the value of measures of absolute muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness as predictors of MSKI in Canadian basic infantry candidates. Given the associations between physical performance measures and MSKI, and their necessity during occupational tasks, it is recommended that Canadian basic infantry training facilities integrate resistance training with external loads to best prepare their candidates to meet their occupational demands and potentially minimize MSKI. Further investigations to confirm the predictive capacity of these variables in a larger sample across additional facilities are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usae015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T19:11:46Z","timestamp":1707419506000},"page":"e1675-e1682","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Value of Strength as a Predictor of Musculoskeletal Injury in Canadian Armed Forces Basic Infantry Candidates"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"189","author":[{"given":"Eric","family":"Robitaille","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"31 Canadian Forces Health Services Center , Meaford, Ontario N4L 0A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services, Personnel Support Program, Human Performance Research & Development , Ottawa, Ontario K1J 1J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Heipel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services, Personnel Support Program, Fitness & Sports Centre 4CDTC , Meaford, Ontario N4L 0A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hollie","family":"Buttici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"31 Canadian Forces Health Services Center , Meaford, Ontario N4L 0A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Chasse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services, Personnel Support Program, Human Performance Research & Development , Ottawa, Ontario K1J 1J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0571-1340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans Christian","family":"Tingelstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services, Personnel Support Program, Human Performance Research & Development , Ottawa, Ontario K1J 1J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2024070405063529500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2021.03.016","article-title":"Musculoskeletal injuries in military personnel\u2014descriptive epidemiology, risk factor identification, and prevention","volume":"24","author":"Lovalekar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024070405063529500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-021-00357-w","article-title":"Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in the military: a qualitative systematic review of the literature from the past two decades and a new prioritizing injury model","volume":"8","author":"Sammito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024070405063529500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0557-7","article-title":"Risk factors of acute and overuse musculoskeletal injuries among young conscripts: a population-based cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Taanila","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024070405063529500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2015-000100","article-title":"Low fitness, low body mass and prior injury predict injury risk during military recruit training: a prospective cohort study in the British Army","volume":"2","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024070405063529500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2948","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-015-4342-6","article-title":"What risk factors are associated with musculoskeletal injury in US Army Rangers? 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